Black Codes
•Read the handout regarding the Black Codes andanswer the questions.
•(1) What rules especially stand out to you?
•(2) What would life look like for an AfricanAmerican in this kind of society or community?
Freedmen’s Bureau
•Assisting those displaced by the Civil War:
–[1] Food, water, and other essentials
•Assisting freed slaves after the Civil War:
–[2] Establish schools for education
–[3] Health care & legal services
–[4] Establish labor contracts
Freedmen’s Bureau and Education
Imagine being a former slave and nowa “Freedman” … How significant isthis change?
•No state-supported, mandatory school system existed in theSouth.
•The Bureau spent $5 million to establish schools.
•By 1865, 90,000 former slaves were enrolled in schools.
•Attendance rates were between 79% - 82%.
•By 1870, 1,000 schools were established in American South.
•By 1876, 40% of all African American children attended school.
•Established 11 colleges in Southern states
•Summarize, what were the various plansfor Reconstruction?
–President Lincoln
–Wade-Davis Bill
–President Johnson
–Radical Republicans
President Lincoln’s “Ten PercentPlan” (1863)
•As soon as 10% of state’svoters took an oath ofloyalty …
•Abolish slavery
Wade-Davis Bill (1864)
•Moderate Republicans’ plan todo the following:
–Majority of Southerners take anoath of loyalty.
–Abolish slavery
–No former Confederate leadersor generals can serve …
President Johnson’s Plan (1865)
•Like Lincoln, favored a lenient approachtowards the Southern states.
•10% loyalty oath bya Southern state’spopulation
•Confiscation of 400,000 acres land alongAtlantic Coast, formerly belonging to whiteSoutherners
•Special FieldOrders, No. 15 byGeneral WilliamTecumsehSherman
President Johnson vs. President Lincoln
•President Johnson
•Pardoned all white landowners
•Johnson allows the Black Codes.
•Ordered plantations returned towhite Southerners
•Vetoed …
–Civil Rights Act of 1866.
–14th Amendment.
•President Lincoln
•Believed in political justiceand voting rights for African-Americans.
•Created the Freedmen'sBureau.
Sharecropping
Political Situation – Post Civil War
America in 1865-66
•Summer of 1865,with Congress out ofSession …
•Memphis Riot of 1866…
•New Orleans Riot of1866 …
•CongressionalElection in 1866 …
Radical Republican’s Plans
•Major objectives:
–(1) Prevent formerConfederate leaders fromregaining power
–(2) Help African Americanssuffrage
–(3) Owning property
Radical Republican’s Plans (continued)
–African Americans can own property and have to betreated equally in a court of law
•Civil Rights Act of 1866
–Abolishes the BlackCodes, makingthese illegal in theSouthern states
•Command of the Army Act …
•Office of Tenure Act …
Johnson Is Impeached
•Military Reconstruction Act of 1867
–[1] Five Districts with military occupation
–[2] New state constitutions approved by U.S. Congress
•Ratify 14th
Amendment
•Guarantee
African American
suffrage
–[3] Former
Confederates
cannot vote
Radical Republican’s Plans (continued)
•15th Amendment
–Right to Vote for African American males
Amendments
•14th Amendment
–Equal Citizenship
African American RepresentationAchievements
•Served in government as mayors,police chiefs, state representativesand in the United States Congress.
•Blanche Bruce(1875 – 81)
•Hiram Revels(1870 – 71)
How did the Era of Reconstruction End?
•(1) White Southerner Intimidation
•(2) Panic of 1873 & Economic problems
•(3) Compromise of 1877 and loss of support fromNorthern Republicans
•(4) Disenfranchisement of African Americans(1877 – 1890’s)
*** Rise of theKu Klux Klan
Panic of 1873
•Financial crisis that triggers adepression, lasting from 1873 to1879.
Compromise of 1877
•Contested election of Samuel Tilden (Democrat) andRutherford B. Hayes (Republican).
•PoliticalagreementendsReconstruction.
African Americans Disenfranchised
•Poll Tax
•“Good character clause”
•Literacy test
•Grandfather clause