MusclesMuscles
MusclesMuscles
Skeletal muscles are attached tothe bone of the skeleton.Skeletal muscles are attached tothe bone of the skeleton.
•They are called voluntary musclebecause they contain nervesunder voluntary control.•They are called voluntary musclebecause they contain nervesunder voluntary control.
•There is a bundles of musclecells or muscle fibers.•There is a bundles of musclecells or muscle fibers.
MusclesMuscles
Skeletal muscleSkeletal muscle
•Provides movement to limbs•Provides movement to limbs
•They contract quick•They contract quick
•They fatigue easily•They fatigue easily
•Cannot remain contracted forlong periods of time•Cannot remain contracted forlong periods of time
•Examples•Examples
MusclesMuscles
Smooth muscle is not attached tobone and is an involuntarymuscle.Smooth muscle is not attached tobone and is an involuntarymuscle.
-they act slowly-they act slowly
-do not tire easily-do not tire easily
-remain contracted for-remain contracted for
long periods of time.long periods of time.
-Examples-Examples
MusclesMuscles
Cardiac muscle is found only inthe heart. It is involuntary muscle.Cardiac muscle is found only inthe heart. It is involuntary muscle.
-it requires continuous oxygen orit will die-it requires continuous oxygen orit will die
-all the fibers of the heart contracttogether as a unit.-all the fibers of the heart contracttogether as a unit.
MusclesMuscles
Characteristics of Muscles:Characteristics of Muscles:
Contractibility-ability to shorten orreduce the distance between thepartsContractibility-ability to shorten orreduce the distance between theparts
Excitability-ability to respond tostimuliExcitability-ability to respond tostimuli
Extensibility-ability to be stretchedExtensibility-ability to be stretched
Elasticity-ability to return tonormalElasticity-ability to return tonormal
MusclesMuscles
-There are 650 muscles in thebody.-There are 650 muscles in thebody.
-To move a body part a musclemust be attached to a bone sothat it can pull, they never push.-To move a body part a musclemust be attached to a bone sothat it can pull, they never push.
-Muscles are attached by-Muscles are attached by
tendons whichtendons which
are attachedare attached
to bonesto bones
MusclesMuscles
The Origin of a muscle is attachedto a fixed structure, it moves leastduring muscle contraction.Usually more proximal.The Origin of a muscle is attachedto a fixed structure, it moves leastduring muscle contraction.Usually more proximal.
The Insertion is the other end,attached to a movable part,moves during contraction.The Insertion is the other end,attached to a movable part,moves during contraction.
The Belly is the central body ofthe muscle.The Belly is the central body ofthe muscle.
MusclesMuscles
Muscles are in pairs, agonist andantagonist.Muscles are in pairs, agonist andantagonist.
When one is working the other ishelping to stabilize, but it is notworking.When one is working the other ishelping to stabilize, but it is notworking.
Example: Biceps and TricepsExample: Biceps and Triceps
MusclesMuscles
For muscles to contract they needenergy.For muscles to contract they needenergy.
ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) isthe energy it uses.ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) isthe energy it uses.
As ATP is used up Lactic Acid is abyproduct of the breakdown.As ATP is used up Lactic Acid is abyproduct of the breakdown.
MusclesMuscles
Skeletal muscle must bestimulated to contract.Skeletal muscle must bestimulated to contract.
MusclesMuscles
•Muscle Fatigue is caused by abuild up of Lactic Acid•Muscle Fatigue is caused by abuild up of Lactic Acid
•Vigorous activity causes theblood to not transport enoughoxygen and lactic acid to build up.•Vigorous activity causes theblood to not transport enoughoxygen and lactic acid to build up.
•Muscle fatigue and cramps maybe a result of lactic acid build up•Muscle fatigue and cramps maybe a result of lactic acid build up
MusclesMuscles
Muscle tone-the state of partialcontraction in which muscles aremaintained.Muscle tone-the state of partialcontraction in which muscles aremaintained.
Isometric vs. IsotonicIsometric vs. Isotonic
VSVS
MusclesMuscles
Atrophy-decreased toneAtrophy-decreased tone
Hypertrophy-enlarged toneHypertrophy-enlarged tone
Can we increase the # of musclefibers we have?Can we increase the # of musclefibers we have?
MusclesMuscles
Muscle Atrophy-wasting or loss ofmuscle tissue resulting fromdisease or lack of use.Muscle Atrophy-wasting or loss ofmuscle tissue resulting fromdisease or lack of use.
Causes: disuse orCauses: disuse or
sedentary lifesedentary life
Or injury in athleticOr injury in athletic
populationpopulation
MusclesMuscles
•Muscle Hypertrophy-increase inthe mass/size of muscle•Muscle Hypertrophy-increase inthe mass/size of muscle
Causes: exercise, stimulus that issufficient to causeCauses: exercise, stimulus that issufficient to cause
overcompensation inovercompensation in
the musclethe muscle
MusclesMuscles
Injuries to Internal Soft tissue:Injuries to Internal Soft tissue:
1. Strains2. Tendonitis1. Strains2. Tendonitis
3. Bursitis 4. Contusions3. Bursitis 4. Contusions
5. Sprains5. Sprains
Muscles repair by forming scartissue which is tight and inelastic,this makes them prone to reinjuryMuscles repair by forming scartissue which is tight and inelastic,this makes them prone to reinjury
MusclesMuscles
•Acute injuries are those resulting from adirect blow or single incidentoverstressing.•Acute injuries are those resulting from adirect blow or single incidentoverstressing.
•Chronic injuries are a result of overuse,prolonged repetitive use.•Chronic injuries are a result of overuse,prolonged repetitive use.
MusclesMuscles
Strain-injury to MUSCLE causedby twisting or pulling of a muscleor tendon.Strain-injury to MUSCLE causedby twisting or pulling of a muscleor tendon.
MusclesMuscles
StrainStrain
Signs and Symptoms (Sx)Signs and Symptoms (Sx)
•Muscle spasm, pain and weakness•Muscle spasm, pain and weakness
•Localized swelling,•Localized swelling,
cramps and inflammationcramps and inflammation
•Loss of muscle function•Loss of muscle function
MusclesMuscles
StrainStrain
TreatmentTreatment
Stage 1-reduce pain and swellingStage 1-reduce pain and swelling
24-48 hours do RICE24-48 hours do RICE
Stage 2-Rehabilitation with thegoal of improving the conditionand injured part and restoring itto full function.Stage 2-Rehabilitation with thegoal of improving the conditionand injured part and restoring itto full function.
MusclesMuscles
Strain-Strain-
Rehabilitation Goals-Rehabilitation Goals-
•Reduce swelling, prevent•Reduce swelling, prevent
stiffness and restore normal ROM stiffness and restore normal ROM
•Increase strength and flexibility•Increase strength and flexibility
•Full daily activity•Full daily activity
including sport including sport
MusclesMuscles
The things a person can do toreduce the risk of a sprain arenumerous. Some are realistic andsome not so much.The things a person can do toreduce the risk of a sprain arenumerous. Some are realistic andsome not so much.
MusclesMuscles
Sprains-an injury resulting from afall, sudden twist, or blow to thebody that forces a joint out of itsnormal position.Sprains-an injury resulting from afall, sudden twist, or blow to thebody that forces a joint out of itsnormal position.
A sprain is an overstretching ortearing of the ligament supportingthe joint.A sprain is an overstretching ortearing of the ligament supportingthe joint.
MusclesMuscles
SprainSprain
Signs and SxSigns and Sx
-pain, swelling, bruising and lossof the ability to move the joint.-pain, swelling, bruising and lossof the ability to move the joint.
-feel a pop or tear-feel a pop or tear
MusclesMuscles
SprainSprain
Grading the injuryGrading the injury
Grade 1-mild, sprainGrade 1-mild, sprain
causes overstretchingcauses overstretching
or slight tear, but little or no jointinstability.or slight tear, but little or no jointinstability.
-bruising is absent or slight-bruising is absent or slight
-able to bear weight, usually no x-rayis necessary-able to bear weight, usually no x-rayis necessary
MusclesMuscles
SprainSprain
Grading the injuryGrading the injury
Grade 2- Moderate, sprain causespartial tearing of the ligamentGrade 2- Moderate, sprain causespartial tearing of the ligament
-difficulty bearing weight-difficulty bearing weight
-experiences loss of function-experiences loss of function
-moderate pain, swelling andbruising-moderate pain, swelling andbruising
MusclesMuscles
SprainSprain
Grading the injuryGrading the injury
Grade 3-severe sprain completelytear or rupture the ligament.Grade 3-severe sprain completelytear or rupture the ligament.
-cannot bear weight-cannot bear weight
-swelling, pain, bruising is severe-swelling, pain, bruising is severe
-x-ray often taken to rule out Fx-x-ray often taken to rule out Fx
MusclesMuscles
Tendonitis-an inflammation of thetendonTendonitis-an inflammation of thetendon
•When a muscle contracts it pullson a bone to cause movement,the tendon transmits the forcefrom muscle to•When a muscle contracts it pullson a bone to cause movement,the tendon transmits the forcefrom muscle to
bone.bone.
MusclesMuscles
The smooth gliding of the tendoncan become impaired and causetendonitis.The smooth gliding of the tendoncan become impaired and causetendonitis.
MusclesMuscles
TendonitisTendonitis
Signs and SxSigns and Sx
-pain and inflammation along atendon, usually near a joint.-pain and inflammation along atendon, usually near a joint.
-worse with movement and atnight-worse with movement and atnight
-progressively gets worse withrepeated overuse and movementaggravate the condition.-progressively gets worse withrepeated overuse and movementaggravate the condition.
MusclesMuscles
Tendonitis-TreatmentTendonitis-Treatment
•Avoid the aggravating activity tolet inflammation subside.•Avoid the aggravating activity tolet inflammation subside.
•Anti-inflammatories, icingtendon, ultrasound, stretching andcross friction massage.•Anti-inflammatories, icingtendon, ultrasound, stretching andcross friction massage.
•In future slowly increaseintensity and type of exercise•In future slowly increaseintensity and type of exercise
MusclesMuscles
Bursitis-inflammation of a bursaBursitis-inflammation of a bursa
Bursa-fluid filled sack whose job itis to decrease friction betweentwo surfaces.Bursa-fluid filled sack whose job itis to decrease friction betweentwo surfaces.
-result from a repetitivemovement or prolonged-result from a repetitivemovement or prolonged
pressure. Can resultpressure. Can result
from a direct blowfrom a direct blow
MusclesMuscles
Bursitis-Bursitis-
Signs and SxSigns and Sx
-similar to tendonitis, pain withmovement, pain worse at night,aggravated by repetition andoveruse.-similar to tendonitis, pain withmovement, pain worse at night,aggravated by repetition andoveruse.
-can have inflammation to agreater degree than tendonitis-can have inflammation to agreater degree than tendonitis
MusclesMuscles
Bursitis-TreatmentBursitis-Treatment
•Avoid activity causing irritation,and anti-inflammatories•Avoid activity causing irritation,and anti-inflammatories
•May need to be drained•May need to be drained
•Increase muscles in joint, avoidrepetition, cushion joint and takefrequent rests to avoidreoccurrence of bursitis.•Increase muscles in joint, avoidrepetition, cushion joint and takefrequent rests to avoidreoccurrence of bursitis.
MusclesMuscles
Bursitis-TreatmentBursitis-Treatment
•Avoid activity causing irritation,and anti-inflammatories•Avoid activity causing irritation,and anti-inflammatories
•May need to be drained•May need to be drained
•Increase muscles in joint, avoidrepetition, cushion joint and takefrequent rests to avoidreoccurrence of bursitis.•Increase muscles in joint, avoidrepetition, cushion joint and takefrequent rests to avoidreoccurrence of bursitis.
MusclesMuscles
Myositis ossificans- calcificationthat forms within muscle.Myositis ossificans- calcificationthat forms within muscle.
Return to play with full ROM, padReturn to play with full ROM, pad
MusclesMuscles
Contusion-direct blow or bluntinjury that does not break skin.Contusion-direct blow or bluntinjury that does not break skin.
Ecchymosis-bruise, blood collectsin skin.Ecchymosis-bruise, blood collectsin skin.
Treatment-Treatment-
•ice•ice
•Massage•Massage
•stretch•stretch
