ERASMUS PROGRAMME-INTELLECTUAL PROEPRTYLAWERASMUS PROGRAMME-INTELLECTUAL PROEPRTYLAW
COPYRIGHT LAW –NEIGHBOURING RIGHTS,OTHER RELATED RIGHTS ANDCOLLECTIVE MANAGEMENTCOPYRIGHT LAW –NEIGHBOURING RIGHTS,OTHER RELATED RIGHTS ANDCOLLECTIVE MANAGEMENT
JUDr. Pavel Tůma, LL.M. Ph.D.
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STRUCTURESTRUCTURE
A.Related rightsA.Related rights
1.Performer´s rights1.Performer´s rights
2.Recordings producer's rights2.Recordings producer's rights
3.Broadcaster´s rights3.Broadcaster´s rights
4.First publisher´s rights4.First publisher´s rights
B.Sui generis database rightsB.Sui generis database rights
C.Collective administrationC.Collective administration
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A. RELATED RIGHTSA. RELATED RIGHTS
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HISTORICAL BACKGROUNDHISTORICAL BACKGROUND
PROTECTIONPROTECTION
-BY AUTHOR´S RIGHTS (Europe)-BY AUTHOR´S RIGHTS (Europe)
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-BY COPYRIGHT (UK, USA)-BY COPYRIGHT (UK, USA)
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HISTORICAL BACKGROUNDHISTORICAL BACKGROUND
author´s rights – only protection ofcreativityauthor´s rights – only protection ofcreativity
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technological developmenttechnological development
→→
establishment of a new system ofrightsestablishment of a new system ofrights
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RECORDINGS CARRIERSRECORDINGS CARRIERS
EDISONS´S PHONOGRAPHEDISONS´S PHONOGRAPH
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RECORDINGS CARRIERSRECORDINGS CARRIERS
GRAMOPHON PLATESGRAMOPHON PLATES
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QUIZQUIZ
no protection by author's rights!no protection by author's rights!
Protected by author's right or not?Protected by author's right or not?
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TERM OF „RELATED RIGHTS“TERM OF „RELATED RIGHTS“
significant for European continentalsystem of author’s rightssignificant for European continentalsystem of author’s rights
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Anglo-American system ofcopyrightAnglo-American system ofcopyright
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TERM OF „RELATED RIGHTS“TERM OF „RELATED RIGHTS“
group of rights of heterogeneous nature(exploited in connection with authorialworks)group of rights of heterogeneous nature(exploited in connection with authorialworks)
creative activity (performers)creative activity (performers)
investment (recordings, broadcast)investment (recordings, broadcast)
≠ neighbouring rights (only performers)≠ neighbouring rights (only performers)
exploitation through technical meansexploitation through technical means
permanent carrierpermanent carrier
ephemeral communication meansephemeral communication means
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INTERNATIONAL LAWINTERNATIONAL LAW
International Convention for the Protectionof Performers, Producers of Phonogramsand Broadcasting Organisations (Rome,1961)International Convention for the Protectionof Performers, Producers of Phonogramsand Broadcasting Organisations (Rome,1961)
Convention for the Protection of Producersof Phonograms Against UnauthorizedDuplication of Their Phonograms (Geneva,1971)Convention for the Protection of Producersof Phonograms Against UnauthorizedDuplication of Their Phonograms (Geneva,1971)
WIPO Performances and PhonogramsTreaty (Geneva, 1996)WIPO Performances and PhonogramsTreaty (Geneva, 1996)
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EU LAWEU LAW
Directive 2001/29/EC of the European Parliamentand of the Council on the harmonisation of certainaspects of copyright and related rights in theinformation societyDirective 2001/29/EC of the European Parliamentand of the Council on the harmonisation of certainaspects of copyright and related rights in theinformation society
Directive 2006/116/EC of the European Parliamentand of the Council on the term of protection ofcopyright and certain related rights (codifiedversion)Directive 2006/116/EC of the European Parliamentand of the Council on the term of protection ofcopyright and certain related rights (codifiedversion)
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EU LAWEU LAW
Directive 2011/77/EU of the European Parliamentand of the Council amending Directive 2006/116/ECon the term of protection of copyright and certainrelated rights (transposition until November 2013)Directive 2011/77/EU of the European Parliamentand of the Council amending Directive 2006/116/ECon the term of protection of copyright and certainrelated rights (transposition until November 2013)
of the European Parliamentand of the Council (transposition until April 2016)Directive 2014/26/EU of the European Parliamentand of the Council on collective management ofcopyright and related rights and multi-territoriallicensing of rights in musical works for online usein the internal market (transposition until April 2016)
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SCOPE OF RELATED RIGHTSSCOPE OF RELATED RIGHTS
Rights protected in EURights protected in EU
the rights of the performersthe rights of the performers
the right of the producers of aphonogramthe right of the producers of aphonogram
the right of the producers of anaudiovisual fixations (films)the right of the producers of anaudiovisual fixations (films)
the right of the radio or televisionbroadcastersthe right of the radio or televisionbroadcasters
the right of publishers of previouslyunpublished worksthe right of publishers of previouslyunpublished works
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1. PERFORMER´S RIGHTS1. PERFORMER´S RIGHTS
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RIGHTS OF PERFORMERS -subject-matterRIGHTS OF PERFORMERS -subject-matter
PERFORMANCEPERFORMANCE
==
act of actors, singers, musicians, dancers,conductors, choirmasters, directors or otherpersons who, act, sing, recite, present orotherwise perform an artistic workact of actors, singers, musicians, dancers,conductors, choirmasters, directors or otherpersons who, act, sing, recite, present orotherwise perform an artistic work
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RIGHTS OF PERFORMERS –ownerRIGHTS OF PERFORMERS –owner
PERFORMERPERFORMER
person that created the individual outcome of theperforming activityperson that created the individual outcome of theperforming activity
always a natural personalways a natural person
performer of artistic workperformer of artistic work
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RIGHTS OF PERFORMERS –scope of rightsRIGHTS OF PERFORMERS –scope of rights
moral rightsmoral rights
right to make a performance publicright to make a performance public
right to indicate the origin of the performanceright to indicate the origin of the performance
right to be the performance used in a manner not depreciating hisvalueright to be the performance used in a manner not depreciating hisvalue
not transferable, last until deathnot transferable, last until death
economic rights of performerseconomic rights of performers
right to fixation of performanceright to fixation of performance
right to reproduction of this fixationright to reproduction of this fixation
right to distribute, lend, rent this reproductionright to distribute, lend, rent this reproduction
right to communication to the publicright to communication to the public
in some countries not tranferable,in some countries not tranferable,
duration - 50 years, however,70 years from publication of the soudrecordingduration - 50 years, however,70 years from publication of the soudrecording
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2. PRODUCER´S RIGHTS2. PRODUCER´S RIGHTS
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RIGHTS OF RECORDING PRODUCERS –subject-matterRIGHTS OF RECORDING PRODUCERS –subject-matter
phonogram = fixation of sound – artisticperformance, other sound or their expressionphonogram = fixation of sound – artisticperformance, other sound or their expression
audiovisual fixation (film) = fixation of anaudiovisual work or other similar expressionaudiovisual fixation (film) = fixation of anaudiovisual work or other similar expression
irrespective of the contentsirrespective of the contents
protection of investmentsprotection of investments
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Audiovisual recording - exampleAudiovisual recording - example
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RIGHTS OF RECORDING PRODUCERS –ownerRIGHTS OF RECORDING PRODUCERS –owner
PRODUCERPRODUCER
= investor= investor
person (natural or artificial) who made aaudio or audiovisual fixationperson (natural or artificial) who made aaudio or audiovisual fixation
person who hired the making of the audio oraudiovisual fixationperson who hired the making of the audio oraudiovisual fixation
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RIGHTS OF RECORDING PRODUCERS –scope of rightsRIGHTS OF RECORDING PRODUCERS –scope of rights
right to reproduction of a audio or audio visualfixationright to reproduction of a audio or audio visualfixation
right to distribute, lend or rent thesereproductions of fixationright to distribute, lend or rent thesereproductions of fixation
right to broadcasting and other communicationof the fixation to the publicright to broadcasting and other communicationof the fixation to the public
transferable, duration 50 years (70 years frompublication of sound recording)transferable, duration 50 years (70 years frompublication of sound recording)
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3. BROADCASTER´S RIGHTS3. BROADCASTER´S RIGHTS
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RIGHTS OF BROADCASTERS –subject-matterRIGHTS OF BROADCASTERS –subject-matter
BROADCASTINGBROADCASTING
= result of the dissemination of sound, or of imagesand sound, or of their expression by means ofradio or television for reception by the public= result of the dissemination of sound, or of imagesand sound, or of their expression by means ofradio or television for reception by the public
irrespective of the contentsirrespective of the contents
protection of investmentsprotection of investments
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RIGHTS OF BROADCASTERS –ownerRIGHTS OF BROADCASTERS –owner
BROADCASTERBROADCASTER
= investor= investor
person (natural or an artificial) who executes thebroadcasting of sounds, or of images or sounds,or of their expression by radio or televisionperson (natural or an artificial) who executes thebroadcasting of sounds, or of images or sounds,or of their expression by radio or television
person who hired the to executing thebroadcastingperson who hired the to executing thebroadcasting
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RIGHTS OF BROADCASTERS –scope of rightsRIGHTS OF BROADCASTERS –scope of rights
the right of fixation of the broadcastingthe right of fixation of the broadcasting
the right of reproduction of the broadcastfixationthe right of reproduction of the broadcastfixation
the right of distribution of these reproductionsthe right of distribution of these reproductions
the right of communication of the broadcast tothe public (incl. retransmission)the right of communication of the broadcast tothe public (incl. retransmission)
tranferable, duration 25 years from original broadcasttranferable, duration 25 years from original broadcast
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4. FIRST PUBLISHER´S RIGHTS4. FIRST PUBLISHER´S RIGHTS
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RIGHTSOF PUBLISHERS OF PREVIOUSLYUNPUBLISHED WORSRIGHTSOF PUBLISHERS OF PREVIOUSLYUNPUBLISHED WORS
protection of first publication of work afterthe expiry of copyright protectionprotection of first publication of work afterthe expiry of copyright protection
economic rights similar to the authoreconomic rights similar to the author
duration – 25 years after the first publicationduration – 25 years after the first publication
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B. SUI GENERIS DATABASERIGHTB. SUI GENERIS DATABASERIGHT
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PROTECTION OF DATABASESPROTECTION OF DATABASES
traditional – by copyright = protection ofthe creative activity (work of creativecollection)traditional – by copyright = protection ofthe creative activity (work of creativecollection)
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EU concept – sui generis right =protection of investmentsEU concept – sui generis right =protection of investments
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SUI GENERIS RIGHTSUI GENERIS RIGHT
Directive 96/9/EC of the EuropeanParliament and of the Council on the legalprotection of databasesDirective 96/9/EC of the EuropeanParliament and of the Council on the legalprotection of databases
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SUI GENERIS RIGHT –investmentSUI GENERIS RIGHT –investment
INVESTMENT =INVESTMENT =
qualitatively or quantitatively substantialinvestment in eitherqualitatively or quantitatively substantialinvestment in either
1. obtaining,1. obtaining,
2. verification2. verification
3. presentation of the contents3. presentation of the contents
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NOT protection of the contents as suchNOT protection of the contents as such
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LEGAL DATABASE - EXAMPLELEGAL DATABASE - EXAMPLE
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SUI GENERIS RIGHT –ownerSUI GENERIS RIGHT –owner
DATABASE PRODUCERDATABASE PRODUCER
= investor= investor
person who has compiled the databaseperson who has compiled the database
person who ordered a compilation of adatabaseperson who ordered a compilation of adatabase
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SUI GENERIS RIGHT –scope of rightsSUI GENERIS RIGHT –scope of rights
right to extractionright to extraction
- similar to right to reproduction- similar to right to reproduction
the re-utilizationthe re-utilization
- similar to making available to public- similar to making available to public
transferable, duration 15 yerars from publication or fromevery new substantial investmenttransferable, duration 15 yerars from publication or fromevery new substantial investment
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C. COLLECTIVEADMINISTRATIONC. COLLECTIVEADMINISTRATION
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HISTORICAL REASONSHISTORICAL REASONS
PURPOSESPURPOSES
for rightholders - administration andenforcement of rightsfor rightholders - administration andenforcement of rights
for users – place where to easy obtain thelicencesfor users – place where to easy obtain thelicences
pro bono publico – spread of culturepro bono publico – spread of culture
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ADMINISTRATION OF RIGHTSADMINISTRATION OF RIGHTS
concluding of contracts with usersconcluding of contracts with users
representing right holders claimsrepresenting right holders claims
collecting remuneration on behalf of rightholderscollecting remuneration on behalf of rightholders
dividing and disbursing collectedremunerationdividing and disbursing collectedremuneration
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PRINCIPLES OF COLLECTIVEADMISTRATIONPRINCIPLES OF COLLECTIVEADMISTRATION
No international instrument → different nationalmodels (in the EU directive 2014/26/EU)No international instrument → different nationalmodels (in the EU directive 2014/26/EU)
principle of self-governing administrationprinciple of self-governing administration
principle of (obligatory or contractual) representationprinciple of (obligatory or contractual) representation
principle of monopolistic collective administratorsprinciple of monopolistic collective administrators
principle of government supervisionprinciple of government supervision
principle of obligatory licencesprinciple of obligatory licences
principle of non-profit executionprinciple of non-profit execution
principle of multirepertoire agreementsprinciple of multirepertoire agreements
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DIGITAL ERA – CROSS BORDERASPECTSDIGITAL ERA – CROSS BORDERASPECTS
collective administration based on nationalbasiscollective administration based on nationalbasis
→ problems with cross border licensing→ problems with cross border licensing
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problems of multitertorial licencesproblems of multitertorial licences
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BASIC LITERATUREBASIC LITERATURE
Sterling, J. A. L.: World Copyright Law. Londýn:Sweet & Maxwell, 2003.Sterling, J. A. L.: World Copyright Law. Londýn:Sweet & Maxwell, 2003.
Cornish, W. – Llewelyn, D.: Intellectual Property:Patents, Copyright, Trade Marks and Allied Rights.Londýn: Sweet & Maxwell, 2010.Cornish, W. – Llewelyn, D.: Intellectual Property:Patents, Copyright, Trade Marks and Allied Rights.Londýn: Sweet & Maxwell, 2010.
Bently, L. – Sherman, B.: Intellectual Property Law,2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.Bently, L. – Sherman, B.: Intellectual Property Law,2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.
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