Major OrganicCompounds in our body
Glucose
Carbohydrates = sugars
•Made out of monosaccharides.
•1 sugar = Monosaccharide
•Monosaccharide + Monosaccharide = disaccharide
E.g. Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose (table salt)
•Many monosaccharides linked = polysaccharide
E.g. Glucose x many = starch
Glucose
Sucrose
Starch
Fructose
Uses
•Produce ATP (energy)
•Store energy – e.g. glycogen in our liver
•Structure – e.g. Cellulose in plant cell walls
e.g. Chitin in insect exoskeletons
Fatty acid
Lipids = fats (mostly)
•Fats are made out of fatty acids.
•Three fatty acids + glycerol combine to form a triglyceride.
•Molecules like Cholesterol can be lipids but not fats.
Fatty acids
Glycerolbackbone ->
Triglyceride
Cholesterol
Uses
•Produce ATP (energy)
•Store energy – e.g. liver stores triglycerides
e.g. adipose tissue stores fats.
•Structure – e.g. phosphor’lipid’ bilayer
•Signaling – e.g. steroid hormones like testosterone,estrogen
Protein
Proteins
•Proteins are chains of amino acids
•Few amino acids linked together = Peptide
•Peptide x many = Polypeptide
•Proteins are chained together by a peptide bond.
•Different amino acids have a carbon oxygen nitrogenbackbone with different R groups.
Amino Acid
Protein chain
Uses
•Produce ATP (energy)
•Enzymes – e.g. pepsin, DNA polymerase, amylase etc.
•Signaling – e.g. Insulin, glucagon
•Membrane channels, receptors
•Structure – e.g. collagen, tubulin, actin
•Locomotion – e.g. actin, myosin
DNA
Nucleic acids (in DNA and RNA)
•Nucleic Acids have a Sugar backbone, a Phosphategroup, and a nitrogenous base.
•DNA and RNA are made up of nucleic acids.
•RNA – Ribonucleic Acid
•DNA – Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid
The sugar backbone has one less Oxygen compared toRNA
Nucleic Acids
DNA
Uses
•Encodes genetic information (DNA).
•Transmits genetic information (DNA).
•Expresses genetic information (RNA).
Simple OrganicCompounds tests
Benedict’s test
•Clear blue solution
•When added to and heated with a simple sugars (e.g.glucose) and some disaccharides (e.g. lactose), turnsred.
•Blue (no reaction) – no simple sugars
•Yellow, orange (partial reaction) – some simple sugars
•Red (Full reaction) – lots of simple sugars
Iodine Test
•Brownish Yellow solution
•When added to starch, turns purple black.
•Brown (no reaction) – no starch
•Somewhere in between (partial reaction) – some starch
•Purple black (Full reaction) – lots of starch
Biuret test
•Clear blue solution
•When added to proteins, turns Pink Purple.
•Blue (no reaction) – no proteins
•Somewhere in between (partial reaction) – some proteins
•Pink Purple (Full reaction) – lots of proteins
Brown paper bag test
•It’s a Brown paper bag?
•When the sample solutions is dropped onto theBrown paper bag, the paper turns translucent.
•No change after dryness – No lipids
•Turns translucent – there are lipids
