Until 1800, most people lived on farms in the US andWestern Europe.
Economy - based on:
1.Farming
2.Making goods by hand
3.Trading
UNTIL….
The Industrial Revolution – machines replaced hand toolsin the manufacturing of goods, people left their farms towork in factories… within 100 years, many nationsbecame industrial giants
Quick video!
1780s in Great Britain
Why there?
Britain had all the factors of production needed to shift from anagricultural to industrial society:
1. People to work
2. Natural resources – iron and coal (used to make machines and runsteam engines)
** colonial empire to supply other needed materials – India provided rawcotton to supply textile mills
3. Money to invest in railroads and factories
4. Markets to sell manufactured goods
5. Transportation to and from factories.
Video break!
Cottage Industry System: people worked in theirown homes or workshops
Factory System: The system of producing goods madeon a mass scale by machines in a factory whichreplaced goods made by individual craftsmen.
Which picture shows the factory system? The cottage system?
A
B
EQ: In what ways did the factorysystem change the face of laborin England?
** London’s population grew from 1 million in 1800 to2.5 million in 1850…. WOW
To accommodate these large populations, cheaphousing was built and factories sprang up everywhereto employ workers for low wages and continue toincrease production
Between 1800 and 1850 – population of cities in Europeand the US grew very quickly… workers needed to livecloser to factories and mills
During this time, changes in farming meant that fewerworkers were needed – available jobs caused displacedfarmers to flock to Industrial cities (pull factor)
Machines made production faster, so a large number ofunskilled workers were needed to operate them
Living conditions wereterrible for workers
They gathered in poor,crowded neighborhoodsnear their work calledslums
Tenements – 5 and 6story wooded apartmentbuildings (usually with 2rooms)
Problems:
1)poor design
2)landlord neglect
3)structure of old buildings
4)little government intervention
These problems led to very hazardous living conditions in thesetenements:
Inadequate garbage pickup – tenants dumped their garbageinto the shafts/alleys between apartments.
little fresh air - the smell was horrendous - sewage would flowopenly in gutters and threatened to spread diseases
Diseases such as cholera and typhus were very common
Cholera explained:
Although cities offered work, it paid poorly, wasdangerous, and the days were long and hard
Factories had:
1)Extreme temps
2)A lack of fresh air – dust often sickened workers
3)Dangerous working conditions
Work was 12-16 hours a day
Women were paid 50% less than men
Middle class prior to IR – craftsman, merchants, shop owners,professionals (doctors, lawyers)
The Industrial Revolution created new members of themiddle class:
1)Men who provided $$ for new factories
2)Men who managed new businesses
Families lived in working class neighborhoods in well-builthomes (much nicer than slums)
Women stayed home, managed children and servants, andtook care of the home (they did not need to work in factories)