Chapter 13 The Cold War Begins

Chapter 13The Cold WarBegins

Lesson 1 : The Origins of the Cold War

Two Super Powers

•Roosevelt and later Eisenhower and the United States

Capitalistic Democracy

Nuclear Weapons

Pushing For Peace

Against Communism

Economic Growth through free trade = Peace

•Stalin and the Union of Soviet Socialists Republic(USSR) (Soviets)

Communism

Government owns all business and runs all business

Nuclear Weapons

Pushing for Reparations and Communistic Europe

Against Capitalist

Keep Poland under Soviet Control

Cold War Map

1947-1955

Creating theUnited Nations (UN)

•As WWII was coming to an end the Allied powers set up apeacekeeping organization to prevent future wars.

•1944-Delegates from 50 countries

•Security Council (made of 11 of the 50 countries)

•5 permanent nations will hold vetoing power (of the 11)

•UN Response to WWII

Genocide is a punishable offence

UN Human Rights Treaty 1945 chaired by Eleanor Roosevelt

Inherent dignity to every human being

The Yalta Conference

•February 1945 in Europe

US, GB, USSR at Yalta

•Back when Germany took Poland during WWIIthe Polish Government fled to Great Britain,the remaining country set up a new CommunistGovernment.

Splitting Poland when it was regained at the endof the war.

Split Politics

•Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin agreed to viewthe Polish government set up by the Soviets

Declaration of Liberated Europe

Peace in Poland

Dividing Germany

•Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin agreed to divideGermany into four zones

US, GB, France, USSR each rule ¼

•Berlin, the Capital city of Germany was split by thefour as well

•Stalin was determined that Germany payreparations caused by WWII to USSR

US and GB attempted to convince USSR that Germanycould pay reparations with trade goods and product

The Allies would remove industrial machinery asreparations

•USSR was not happy with this

Dividing Germany

Rising Tensions

•Following the Yalta Conference USSRpressured the King of Romania to setup a Communist Party

•US accused the USSR of violating theDeclaration of Liberty

•1946-1990

 Confrontation and Competition betweenUS and USSR

Communism vs. Capitalism

Truman Takes Control

•No Appeasement for the Soviets!

•Potsdam Conference 1945 (near Berlin, Germany)

•Truman wants to restore Europe

Industry is critical to the economy

If economy doesn’t recover the Germans might turn toCommunism

•Stalin wants repayment from Germany

Soviet troops begin to take German industrial machines from theirsection of divided Germany and Berlin

•Truman threated use of the US atomic bomb if he did notagree

Stalin agreed to leaving some of Germany’s machines if US, GBand France gave the Soviets from their areas

Iron Curtain

•Communism spread through Eastern Europe

•Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary andCzechoslovakia

Satellite nations

•Capitalistic Western Europe

•Iron Curtain Speech

Fulton, MO by Winston Churchill

Chapter 13The Cold WarBegins

Lesson 2: The Early Cold War Years

Containing Communism

•American Embassy leader in Russia, GeorgeKenann reported back to the US about theRussian/communistic disposition.

Kenann proposed that throughout theCold War the Allies should containRussia because the Russian system hadmajor economic and political weakness.

If the US could keep the Soviet Union fromexpanding their power it would only be amatter of time before their system wouldfall apart

Beating Communism without War

Crisis in Iran

•1946 Spring and Summer

•Soviets kept soldiers in Iran after WWI

Americans had pulled their soldiers

Soviets wanted Iran’s oil

Soviets wanted a communist government

•US pressured the Soviets to stand down andreturn to Russia with the use of the USSMissouri in the East Mediterranean Sea

The Soviets stood down.

Containment worked.

The Truman Doctrine

•August 1946

•Frustrated in Iran, Stalin turned to Turkey

Soviets wanted a vital port from the Black Sea (in Turkey)that lead to the Mediterranean Sea

This appeared to the US as a ploy for the Soviets to controlthe Middle East

The USS Missouri and new aircraft, the FDR was calledupon to show force against the Russians (more threats)

•Meanwhile GB was attempting to help Greece whowas at civil war over Communism

Communist Greece posing guerilla warfare againstCapitalistic Greece

GB Could no longer support the economic side of battle andasked the US for help

•Truman Doctrine- aid those who worked to resistbeing controlled by others. Pledged the US to fightthe spread of Communism world wide.

The Marshall Plan

•June 1947

•European Recovery Plan

Billions of dollars in supplies, machinery, andfood into Western Europe

The region's recovery weakened the appeal ofcommunism and opened new markets for trade.

Essential for containment

Truman proposed assistance for underdevelopedcountries outside the war zone

•Four Point Plan would aid these countrieswith scientific advances and industrialprogress

The Berlin Airlift

•1948 GERMANY SPLIT! W and E Germany

•After Germany had been divided by the Alliesafter WWII France, Great Britain and the USchose to merge their sides of Germany to helpthe economy recover.

This became known as West Germany or the FederalRepublic of Germany

Soviets began to blockade and Western Europewas out of supplies

Truman airlifted supplies to support Germanyinstead of sending Troops to avoid war

The Blockade was lifted a year later

This was a symbol that America was containingcommunism

NATO

•April 1949

•Berlin Blockade convinced Americans thatthe Soviets were bent on conquest

•Mutual defense alliance including 12countries

US, Canada, Britain, France, Italy, Belgium,Denmark, Portugal, the Netherlands,Luxembourg and Iceland

NATO members agreed to come to the aid of anymember who was attacked.

For the fist time Americans had committed tomaintaining peace in Europe

Six years later West Berlin joined NATO

In 1983, NATO claimed tohave within Western Europe:

•1,986,000 ground force troops

•90 divisions

•20,722 main battle tanks

•2,080 anti-tank guided weapon launchers

•182 submarines

•385 anti-submarine submarines

•314 capital ships (carriers, cruisers etc)

•821 Other naval craft

•4,338 fighter aircraft

•6869 anti-aircraft guns and surface to air missiles.

•THE WARSAW PACT-USSRs version of NATO

US Allies with Japan overChina…wait…why?!

•Prior to WWII China was at a civil war

Communist forces lead by Mao Zedong

Nationalists forces lead by Chiang Kai-shek

which was postponed to work against Japan

•Mid 1940s America sent money to support theNationalists to try to keep the communistictendencies low

By 1949 American aid stopped when ChineseNationalists were defeated and fled to modern dayTaiwan

•Now that China had fallen to Communismthe US allied with Japan to continue itsindustrial economy

Rise of the Korean War

The Korean War

•At the end of WWI American and Soviet forcesentered Korea to disarm the Japanese at the38th Parallel of Latitude

Soviet Troops controlled the North

American Troops controlled the South

At the start of the Cold war there was talks toreuniting Korea

Both N Communist and S Capitalist governmentsclaimed Korea

Border clashes were common

•June 25, 1950 N Korean Troops invaded theSouth

Truman ordered naval and air power into action toCONTAIN communistic expansion

UN Troops and General MacArthur from thePhilippines sent to Korea and pushed back theNorthern invasion

Inchon Landing, Korea

•September 15, 1950

•MacArthur ordered a daring invasion againstthe North Koreans.

This took the N Koreans by surprise

Within weeks they were back across the 38th Parallel

Truman ordered MacArthur to continue north to theChinese border

•CHINA ENTERS THE WAR

Communist China pushes Allies and Macarthur backto the 38th Parallel

Angry MacArthur wants to use stronger force and goto war with China

•TRUMAN FIRES MACARTHUR

Truman does not war, he wants containment

Armistice Ends Fighting

•By Mid 1950 UN Forces pushed China and N Korea backnorth of the 38th Parallel

The war settled into small battles over local objectives

•1952 Dwight D. Eisenhower takes presidency

Eisenhower hints that Atomic Bombs are headed to Korea ifthe war does not come to a close

•A Demilitarized zone (DMZ) separated North and SouthKorea

There has never been a peace treaty to end the war

More than 33,600 American Soldiers died in action

20,600 died from disease

•The Korean War was a Turning Point in the Cold War

1954 America signs a defense agreement with Japan, SouthKorea, Taiwan, The Philippines and Australia forming theSoutheast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO)

US turns from Economic Aid to Military Aid

Chapter 13The Cold WarBegins

Lesson 3: The Cold War and American Society

A New Red Scare

•1945

•Rumors of a Communistic takeover!

•Igor Gouzenko defected from the Soviet Embassy inOttawa, Canada

•Had documents stating the soviets were seekinginfo on atomic bomb

•Americans understood this as a threat that SPIEShad infiltrated the American government

•Subversion- effort to weaken a society andoverthrow its government

Truman Loyalty ReviewProgram

•1947

•A screen for all federal employees

•Screened employed for a loyalty to theUS

•The FBI scrutinized 14,000+ ppl and212 were fired because they weresuspicious

•No real evidence

HUAC and Anti-CommunistInvestigations

•House Un-American Committee- formed in 1938

•FBI Director: J Edgar Hoover pushed for publichearings on Communist subversion to expose notjust Communists but also “Communistsympathizers” and “fellow travelers”

Wiretapped thousands of telephones suspected ofsubversion

•Communists suspected in Hollywood

Celebrities, Actors, Artists, Journalists blacklisted asCommunists

Distrust and fear

•Some were jailed, others were given deathsentences

The Red Scare Spreads

•State and local governments, universities,businesses, unisons, churches and private groupsalso began efforts to find communists

•The University of California required its faculty totake loyalty oaths and fired 157 who refused

•The Taft Hartly Act of 1947-required union leadersto take oaths saying that they were notCommunists. Many union leaders did not object.Instead, they wanted to purge their unions,eventually expelling 11 unions that refused toremove Communist leaders

McCarthyism

•1949-1953

When the Red Scare intensified as the Soviet Union successfully tested anatomic bomb and China fell to Communism

Americans thought the US was losing the Cold War

•Joseph R. McCarthy gave a speech to a Republican women’s group inWest Virginia

He claimed to have documents that named 205 men in the StateDepartment to be members of the Communist Party and spy ring

The list was never shown to the public

Investigations became witch hunts- searches for disloyalty based on weakevidence and irrational fears

McCarthy continued to harass and accuse Americans

•Finally in 1954 Army Lawyer, Joseph Welch put a stop to theaccusations by standing up to McCarthy and his irrational behavior

The McCarran Act

•1950

•International Security Act aka McCarran Act

•Made it illegal to attempt to establish a totalitariangovernment in the US

•Required all communist-related organizations topublish their records and register with the USattorney general

•Communists could not have passports and in allcases of national emergency would be arrested anddetained (forgoing civil rights)

•Congress passed this after Truman Vetoed it

American Life during theEarly Cold War

•Fears of communism and nuclear war affected everyAmerican

•Americans first, then Soviets successfully tested the H-Bomb in 1953 more powerful than the atom bomb

•Duck-and-cover drills and fall out shelters were used

•Fallout- radiation left over from the bomb blast

•Popular culture created spy entertainment andnonfiction books about Hiroshima and the side effects ofnuclear war.

•The country was enjoying postwar prosperity andoptimism but it was combined with McCarthyism, fearsof Communism and atomic attacks

Chapter 13The Cold WarBegins

Lesson 4: Eisenhower’s Cold War Policies

Massive Retaliation

•Policy of threatening a massive response, including the use ofnuclear weapons against a communists state trying to seize apeaceful state by force

•1952 Eisenhower became president, Truman did no run again

Republican who commanded in WWII and set up D-Day

National hero

Convinced that the key to victory was not a simple military but also astrong economy

The US had to show the world that the free enterprise system couldproduce a better society than communism

The losses during the Korean War convinced Eisenhower that the US couldnot contain communism by fighting a series of small wars

Wars had to be prevented in the first place

Reduced the size of the Army and increased the nuclear arsenal

Brinkmanship

•The practice of pushing a dangerous situation to the limit toforce an opponent to back down, Continual threats of NuclearWar

•Taiwan Crisis

Chinese Nationalists controlled Taiwan and several small islandsalong China’s coast

1954 Communists China threatened Nationalist Taiwan

He wanted that an attack on Taiwan would be resisted by the USnaval forces and they would use Nuclear weapons

•The Suez Crisis

The US wanted to support the Arabs in the Middle East but sincethey bought Soviet weapons Congress refused to support them.

Egypt seized the Suez Canal

GB and France evaded Egypt

USSR threated to rocket GB and France and threated to send troops

The US pressured GB and France and threated to send nukes too

The Soviet Union won a major diplomatic victory and soon manymore Arab nations began accepting soviet aid.

Covert Operations

•Developing nations- nations with primarily agriculturaleconomies

Many of these nations blamed European Imperialism or AmericanCapitalism for their problems

They looked to the Soviet Union for support

Eisenhower knew that the one way to keep these developing nationsfrom turning to Communism was with financial aid

The CIA ran covert operations to overthrow anti-American leaders inthese countries and replaced them with pro-American leaders

•Iran 1953

In Iran when the leaders turned to communisms the CIA stagedstreet riots which gave the pro-American leader power

•Guatemala 1954

Voted president, Guzman passed a land reform that took over thelarge estates and plantations, including American-owned UnitedFruit Company

Communist, Czechoslovakia delivered arms to Guatemala

The CIA armed the opposing Guatemalans and secretly trainedthem, then invaded, president Guzman stepped down from office

Nikita Khrushchev inEastern Europe

•Stalin died in 1953, a struggle for power ensued

•Nikita Khrushchev had emerged as the SovietLeader

1956-delivered a private speech to USSR officials

CIA obtained a copy of the speech and distributed itthroughout Europe

Speech attacked Stalin’s past policies, discreditedCommunism

Communism and Capitalism could peacefully co-exist

Many Eastern European counties under Soviet Rule beganto riot and resist Soviet rule

Khrushchev would allow little freedom but intended oncrushing the rioting in Hungary

Eisenhower Doctrine

•1957-Containment in the Middle East

•President of Egypt, Nasser, emerged from the Suezcrisis as a hero of the Arab people

•He began to unite Syria and Jordan to spread pan-Arabism

•The US began to worry about Nasser’s links to theSoviets and feared the loss of the Middle East

•Eisenhower asked Congress to use military force inthe Middle East nations to resist Communistaggression. The policy became known as theEisenhower Doctrine, which extended the TrumanDoctrine of Containment into the Middle East

Khrushchev change in tone

•1957

•After a Hungarian uprising Khrushchev reasserted Sovietpower and superiority of communism

Blamed the capitalists for starting an arms race

The Soviet Union launched Sputnik satellite in 1957, which theSoviets saw as proof of their superiority

After Sputnik, threatened, “Your grandchildren will live undercommunism!”

Demanded Allied troops to exit West Berlin

Sec of State, Dulles (of US) rejected the demands and threatenedthat NATO would respond with military force, if need be

Khrushchev backed down and brinkmanship worked again

A Spy Plane Shot down

•1960

•Eisenhower invited Khrushchev to visit the US butthe two agreed to meet in Paris

Before they met the US was caught spying with a U-2spy plane, Soviets shot it down, produced theAmerican piolet for proof

This destroyed relations between the two

Tensions Rise by 1961

•Eisenhower prepares to leave office

•Warned Americans of the military-industrial complex- aninformal relationship that some believe exists between the militaryand the defense industry to promote greater military spending andinfluence government policy

•He avoided war, contained communism Eisenhower left officefrustrated

•He sent military advisers into South Vietnam to train a SouthVietnamese army

•Fidel Castro established a communist regime in Cuba