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1. A scientist has a hypothesis that a large volcanic caused a change in global temperature. Whichinformation gained from ice cores is most useful insupporting the scientist’s hypothesis.1. A scientist has a hypothesis that a large volcaniceruption caused a change in global temperature. Whichinformation gained from ice cores is most useful insupporting the scientist’s hypothesis.
A levels of dissolved oxygen B identities of trace
metals
C estimates of natural D amounts of atmospheric
radioactivity dust
2. Why do scientists study fossils?
A to understand how volcanoes are formed
B to understand life on Earth as it was millions of years
ago
C to understand when mountains were created
D to help predict the future.
Write in Cornell note styleWrite in Cornell note style
1. What is biodiversity?1. What is biodiversity?
2. What does evolution mean?2. What does evolution mean?
3. What can cause this and how?3. What can cause this and how?
4. What is the theory of evolution4. What is the theory of evolution
5. Who is the father of this theory and why?5. Who is the father of this theory and why?
6. How did he come up with his theory?6. How did he come up with his theory?
7. What did his travels reveal?7. What did his travels reveal?
8. What did he observe?8. What did he observe?
9. Why was his voyage important?9. Why was his voyage important?
What is BiologicalDiversity?What is BiologicalDiversity?
Earth has millions oforganisms of everyEarth has millions oforganisms of every
imaginable shape, size, andhabitat. imaginable shape, size, andhabitat.
The variety andabundance of speciesthat make up abiological communityis called biodiversity..The variety andabundance of speciesthat make up abiological communityis called biodiversity..
Origins and evolution of lifeOrigins and evolution of life
The Big Question is …The Big Question is …
How did all thesedifferentorganisms arise?How did all thesedifferentorganisms arise?
How are theyrelated How are theyrelated?
The Tree of LifeThe Tree of Life
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Phylogenetic_tree.svg
• All living things sharea common ancestor.
• We can draw a Tree ofLife to show how everyspecies is related.
•Through Evolution onespecies gives rise toanother and the Tree ofLife grows
What is “evolution”? What is “evolution”?
Evolution means change overtime.Evolution means change overtime.
What causes this change? What causes this change?
Mutations - a permanentchange in the DNA sequenceof a geneMutations - a permanentchange in the DNA sequenceof a gene
What is “evolution”? What is “evolution”?
Evolution means change overtime.Evolution means change overtime.
What is an adaptation? What is an adaptation?
An adaptation is a feature thatis common in a populationbecause it providessome improved functionAn adaptation is a feature thatis common in a populationbecause it providessome improved function.
1 Which concept is illustrated by the physical changes inthe size and structure of the horse over time?1 Which concept is illustrated by the physical changes inthe size and structure of the horse over time?
A) genetic engineering B) successionA) genetic engineering B) succession
C) biodiversity D) evolutionC) biodiversity D) evolution
2 Traits that enable an organism to survive andreproduce in its environment are known as2 Traits that enable an organism to survive andreproduce in its environment are known as
A) Adaptations B) variations A) Adaptations B) variations
C) mutations D) clones C) mutations D) clones
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1. Survival of the fittest refers to an organisms that can1. Survival of the fittest refers to an organisms that can
A) grow faster B) develop large musclesA) grow faster B) develop large muscles
C) adapt t o the D) live in cold climatesC) adapt t o the D) live in cold climates
environment environment
Which process is most responsible for the extinctionof most species of plants and animals that have livedon Earth?2) Which process is most responsible for the extinctionof most species of plants and animals that have livedon Earth?
a) gene mutationb) environmental changesa) gene mutationb) environmental changes
c) selective breedingd) decrease in reproductionc) selective breedingd) decrease in reproduction
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What is “evolution”? What is “evolution”?
Evolution means change over timeEvolution means change over time
What is the Theory ofEvolution”?What is the Theory ofEvolution”?
Change in the gene pool of a populationfrom generation to generation by suchprocesses as mutation, artificial/naturalselection, and genetic drift.Change in the gene pool of a populationfrom generation to generation by suchprocesses as mutation, artificial/naturalselection, and genetic drift.
A scientific theory is NOT just a belief,it is a well-supported testedexplanation.A scientific theory is NOT just a belief,it is a well-supported testedexplanation.
1785 JamesHuttonpostulated thatthe earth wasformed by anancientprogression ofnatural events,includingerosion,disruption, anduplift.
Early 1800’sGeorge Cuviersuggested thatthe earth was6,000 yearsold- based onhis calculations.
1830 CharlesLyell publishedevidencepushing the ageof earth backseveral millionyears.
1838 CharlesDarwin starts totheorize onevolution.
1858 AlfredRussell Wallacepublishessimilar theory ofevolution.
Timeline of Theory
Charles DarwinCharles Darwin
Who is considered theFather of Evolution?
The first person to explain the cause ofbiological diversityThe first person to explain the cause ofbiological diversity
How did Darwin comeup with his Theory ofEvolution?How did Darwin comeup with his Theory ofEvolution?
1.Charles Darwin (1809-1882)Sailed around the world 1831-18361.Charles Darwin (1809-1882)Sailed around the world 1831-1836
Darwin went on anaround-the-worldtrip on the HMSBeagle and traveledto the GalapagosIslands.
H.M.S Beagle RouteH.M.S Beagle Route
What didDarwin’sTravels reveal? What didDarwin’sTravels reveal?
The diversity of livingspecies was far greaterthan anyone hadpreviously known!The diversity of livingspecies was far greaterthan anyone hadpreviously known!
Species of differentorigins had similarstructuresSpecies of differentorigins had similarstructures
These observations ledhim to develop thetheory of evolution!!These observations ledhim to develop thetheory of evolution!!
What did he observe?What did he observe?
He particularly likedand observed thefinches. He alsoobserved thetortoises on differentislands.He particularly likedand observed thefinches. He alsoobserved thetortoises on differentislands.
He observed eachdifferent group hadits own niche.He observed eachdifferent group hadits own niche.
He studied 13different speciesand saw how theyadapted to theirenvironment.He studied 13different speciesand saw how theyadapted to theirenvironment.
Land Tortoises
Darwin Finches
Blue-Footed Booby
Marine Iguanas
Galapagos Animals DarwinStudied
Why did tortoises and birdsdiffer among the islands ofthe Galapagos?Why did tortoises and birdsdiffer among the islands ofthe Galapagos?
Each islandhad its owntype oftortoisesand birdsthat wereclearlydifferentfrom otherislandsEach islandhad its owntype oftortoisesand birdsthat wereclearlydifferentfrom otherislands
GalapagosTurtlesGalapagosTurtles
Why was the Voyage important?Why was the Voyage important?
Darwin collected specimens fromeach place they stopped.Darwin collected specimens fromeach place they stopped.
Included shells, animals, fish, plantsand fossils.Included shells, animals, fish, plantsand fossils.
Compared specimens of differentorigins and realized some had similarstructures.Compared specimens of differentorigins and realized some had similarstructures.
Living Organisms and FossilsLiving Organisms and Fossils
Some of those fossils resembled organismsthat were still alive.Some of those fossils resembled organismsthat were still alive.
Others looked completely unlike anycreature he had ever seen.Others looked completely unlike anycreature he had ever seen.
As Darwin studied fossils, new questionsarose.As Darwin studied fossils, new questionsarose.
Why had so many of these speciesdisappeared?Why had so many of these speciesdisappeared?
How were they related to living species?How were they related to living species?
Darwin’s TripDarwin’s Trip
Vocab words we havecoveredVocab words we havecovered
On your own Wrap upOn your own Wrap up
Give two examples of variations inorganism that Darwin observed.Give two examples of variations inorganism that Darwin observed.
How did he account for their differences? How did he account for their differences?
What is Natural selection?What is Natural selection?
Warm UpWarm Up
1)Which statement bestexplains the survival benefitof high genetic variation in aspecies? 1)Which statement bestexplains the survival benefitof high genetic variation in aspecies?
A. It prevents a high mutation A. It prevents a high mutation
rate. rate.
B. It reduces the risk of B. It reduces the risk of
extinction due to extinction due to
environmental change. environmental change.
C. It can only occur if the C. It can only occur if the
species population size is species population size is
already large. already large.
D. It allows the species to D. It allows the species to
use a variety of strategies use a variety of strategies
to avoid predation. to avoid predation.
2)Islands are the2)Islands are the
habitats of many of theworld’s rarest species.Which of the followingfactors contributesmost to this situation? habitats of many of theworld’s rarest species.Which of the followingfactors contributesmost to this situation?
A. Small land area A. Small land area
B. Genetic isolation B. Genetic isolation
C. Limited food variety C. Limited food variety
D. Fewer predators D. Fewer predators
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1. What did Darwin Theorize was the reason whysome animals appeared to have come fromunknown origins ?1. What did Darwin Theorize was the reason whysome animals appeared to have come fromunknown origins ?
2. What is the relationship between adaptation andmutation?2. What is the relationship between adaptation andmutation?
3. What Is the name of Darwin’s Publication?3. What Is the name of Darwin’s Publication?
4. What is artificial selection?4. What is artificial selection?
5. What is natural selection?5. What is natural selection?
6. What are the main components of Darwin’sTheory?6. What are the main components of Darwin’sTheory?
7. What are evidences of Evolution?7. What are evidences of Evolution?
8. What are Homologous Body Structures8. What are Homologous Body Structures
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9. What are Analogous structures?9. What are Analogous structures?
10. What are Vestigial Organs?10. What are Vestigial Organs?
Environment, Mutations and NaturalSelectionEnvironment, Mutations and NaturalSelection
Environment, Mutations and NaturalSelectionEnvironment, Mutations and NaturalSelection
Environmental Variation ofThe Galapagos IslandEnvironmental Variation ofThe Galapagos Island
The smallest, lowestislands were hot, dry, andnearly barren-HoodIsland-sparse vegetationThe smallest, lowestislands were hot, dry, andnearly barren-HoodIsland-sparse vegetation
The higher islands hadgreater rainfall and adifferent assortment ofplants and animals-Isabela- Island had richvegetation.The higher islands hadgreater rainfall and adifferent assortment ofplants and animals-Isabela- Island had richvegetation.
Darwin wasfascinated by thetortoisesDarwin wasfascinated by thetortoises
They varied inpredictable ways fromone island to another.They varied inpredictable ways fromone island to another.
The shape of a tortoise's shellcould be used to identify whichisland it inhabited.The shape of a tortoise's shellcould be used to identify whichisland it inhabited.
Each species of finches had adapted to itsenvironment and had its own niche job / roleandspecialization (the adaptation of an organism or apart of an organism to a specific function orcondition in response to environmental conditionsEach species of finches had adapted to itsenvironment and had its own niche (job / role) andspecialization (the adaptation of an organism or apart of an organism to a specific function orcondition in response to environmental conditions)
Patterns of DiversityPatterns of Diversity
Darwin also realizedmany places havesimilar ecosystems, butdifferent inhabitants.Darwin also realizedmany places havesimilar ecosystems, butdifferent inhabitants.
He studied thecorrelation betweenfossils found and theorganisms alive today.He studied thecorrelation betweenfossils found and theorganisms alive today.
Glyptodon - lived 2,500,00 to10,000 years ago
Armadillo - presently lives in theAmericas
Thought ProcessThought Process
He pondered why some plants andanimals are extinct; while others areemerging from currently unknown origins.He pondered why some plants andanimals are extinct; while others areemerging from currently unknown origins.
Theorized that not all of the species weredying but actually adapting and evolving.Theorized that not all of the species weredying but actually adapting and evolving.
Who influenced Darwin?Who influenced Darwin?
Bishop Ussher:Bishop Ussher:
1581-1656 using the book of Genesishe calculated universe was created OnOctober 23,4004B.C. This would makethe Earth was about 5,000 or 6,000years old at most.1581-1656 using the book of Genesishe calculated universe was created OnOctober 23,4004B.C. This would makethe Earth was about 5,000 or 6,000years old at most.
In Darwin's day most Europeansbelieved thisIn Darwin's day most Europeansbelieved this
Who influenced Darwin?Who influenced Darwin?
James Hutton:James Hutton:
1795 Theory ofGeological change1795 Theory ofGeological change
Forces change earth’ssurface shapeForces change earth’ssurface shape
Changes are slowChanges are slow
Earth much older thanthousands of years.Earth much older thanthousands of years.
Darwin thought ifearth is much olderthen this wouldallow time forspecies to evolve?Darwin thought ifearth is much olderthen this wouldallow time forspecies to evolve?
Who Influenced Darwin?Who Influenced Darwin?
Charles Lyell:Charles Lyell:
•Book: Principles ofGeography
-Geographicalfeatures can be builtup or torn down-Geographicalfeatures can be builtup or torn downDarwin thought ifearth changed overtime, what about life?
Geologists:Hutton and LyellGeologists:Hutton and Lyell
Fundamentalists said that theearth was around 6000 yearsoldFundamentalists said that theearth was around 6000 yearsold
Hutton and Lyell argued thatthe earth is many millions ofyears old b/cHutton and Lyell argued thatthe earth is many millions ofyears old b/c
layers of rock take time toformlayers of rock take time toform
processes such asvolcanoes and earthquakesshaped the earth and stilloccur todayprocesses such asvolcanoes and earthquakesshaped the earth and stilloccur today
Who influenced Darwin?Who influenced Darwin?
Thomas MalthusThomas Malthus
19th century English economist 19th century English economist
If population grew unchecked(more Babies born than die)If population grew unchecked(more Babies born than die)
Insufficient living spaceInsufficient living space
Food runs outFood runs out
Darwin applied this theoryto animalsDarwin applied this theoryto animals
LamarkTheory of acquiredcharacteristics LamarkTheory of acquiredcharacteristics
Lamark saidorganisms acquiredtraits by using theirbodies in new waysLamark saidorganisms acquiredtraits by using theirbodies in new ways
These newcharacteristics werepassed to offspringThese newcharacteristics werepassed to offspring
Lamark was totallywrong!Lamark was totallywrong!
Darwin finallypublished hisideas in 1859Darwin finallypublished hisideas in 1859
Other naturalistswere developing thesame theory thatDarwin did.Other naturalistswere developing thesame theory thatDarwin did.
Even though hewas afraid of theChurch’s reactionto his book hewanted to get creditfor his work.Even though hewas afraid of theChurch’s reactionto his book hewanted to get creditfor his work.
Survival of the FittestSurvival of the Fittest
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Darwin%27s_finches.jpeg
• In his Origin of Species,
published in 1859, Darwin
proposed how one species
might give rise to another.
• Where food was limited,
competition meant that only
the fittest would survive.
• This would lead to the naturalselection of the best adaptedindividuals and eventually theevolution of a new species.
Darwin in 1860
Natural Selection
explains adaption
Evolution and Natural SelectionEvolution and Natural Selection
Evolution and Natural SelectionEvolution and Natural Selection
What is Artificial Selection?What is Artificial Selection?
Humans selectively breed organismsfor variations/ traits that are useful.Humans selectively breed organismsfor variations/ traits that are useful.
Example - a farmer breeds only his bestlivestockExample - a farmer breeds only his bestlivestock
Evolution via NaturalSelectionEvolution via NaturalSelection
“Survival of theFittest”“Survival of theFittest”
Some individualsare better suitedfor theenvironment.Some individualsare better suitedfor theenvironment.
Members of eachspecies have tocompete for food,water and shelter.Members of eachspecies have tocompete for food,water and shelter.
What is Natural Selection? What is Natural Selection?
The traits thathelps an organismsurvive in aparticularenvironment are“selected” bynature .The traits thathelps an organismsurvive in aparticularenvironment are“selected” bynature .
What are Agents of Evolution?What are Agents of Evolution?
Agents of EvolutionAgents of Evolution
Geographic Distribution of Geographic Distribution of
Living Species Living Species
When the world had one mainlandmass (Pangaea) speciesmigrated to specific areas. When the world had one mainlandmass (Pangaea) speciesmigrated to specific areas.
Overtime, as the landmassshifted apart, organism wereisolated and developed tobest survive in theirenvironments. Overtime, as the landmassshifted apart, organism wereisolated and developed tobest survive in theirenvironments.
Agents of Evolution-Natural Selection and Species FitnessAgents of Evolution-Natural Selection and Species Fitness
Overtime, natural selection results inchanges in the inheritedcharacteristics of a population.Overtime, natural selection results inchanges in the inheritedcharacteristics of a population.
These changes increase a speciesfitness (survival rate)These changes increase a speciesfitness (survival rate)
“Survival of the Fittest”“Survival of the Fittest”
Descent with ModificationDescent with Modification
Each livingspecies hasdescendedwithchangesfrom otherspeciesover timeEach livingspecies hasdescendedwithchangesfrom otherspeciesover time
A changes instructure orbehavior thatdevelops over manygenerations toenable an organismsto survivesuccessfully in itshabitat .A changes instructure orbehavior thatdevelops over manygenerations toenable an organismsto survivesuccessfully in itshabitat .
Behavioral adaptationBehavioral adaptation
Structural adaptationStructural adaptation
What is ADAPTATION?What is ADAPTATION?
What are the key components of Darwin’s Theory What are the key components of Darwin’s Theory
1. Organisms differ; variation is inherited1. Organisms differ; variation is inherited
2. Organisms produce more offspring thansurvive2. Organisms produce more offspring thansurvive
3. Organisms compete for resources3. Organisms compete for resources
4. Organisms with advantages survive to passthose advantages to their children4. Organisms with advantages survive to passthose advantages to their children
5. Species alive today are descended withmodifications from common ancestors5. Species alive today are descended withmodifications from common ancestors
What are Evidences of Evolution?What are Evidences of Evolution?
13. Evidence of Evolution13. Evidence of Evolution
1.Fossil Record1.Fossil Record
2.Geographic Distribution of LivingSpecies2.Geographic Distribution of LivingSpecies
3.Homologous Body structures3.Homologous Body structures
4.Similarities in Embryology4.Similarities in Embryology
Evidence ofEvolution Evidence ofEvolution
Fossil Record providesevidence that livingthings have evolvedFossil Record providesevidence that livingthings have evolved
Fossils show the historyof life on earth andhow different groupsof organisms havechanged over timeFossils show the historyof life on earth andhow different groupsof organisms havechanged over time
Transitional fossils showa clear transition fromone species, or group, toanother.Transitional fossils showa clear transition fromone species, or group, toanother.
Evidence of EvolutionEvidence of Evolution
Geographic Distributionof Living ThingsGeographic Distributionof Living Things
Similar environments haveSimilar environments have
similar types of similar types of
organisms organisms
Similar animals indifferent locationswere the product ofdifferent lines ofdescentSimilar animals indifferent locationswere the product ofdifferent lines ofdescent
DescentDescent
Two typesTwo types
Descent with modification- Overtime, natural selection producesorganisms that have different structure,establish different niches, or occupydifferent habitats. As a result, they lookdifferent from their ancestors.Descent with modification- Overtime, natural selection producesorganisms that have different structure,establish different niches, or occupydifferent habitats. As a result, they lookdifferent from their ancestors.
Common Descent- all living andextinct organisms were derivedfrom a common ancestor.Common Descent- all living andextinct organisms were derivedfrom a common ancestor.
What are Evidences of Evolution?What are Evidences of Evolution?
Evidence ofEvolution Evidence ofEvolution
Homologous BodyStructuresHomologous BodyStructures
traits that are similarin different speciesbecause the speciesshare a commonancestor.traits that are similarin different speciesbecause the speciesshare a commonancestor.
Ie. Arm, fin and wingmay have evolvedfrom the forelimb of acommon vertebrate.Ie. Arm, fin and wingmay have evolvedfrom the forelimb of acommon vertebrate.
Turtle
Alligator
Bird
Homologous Body StructuresHomologous Body Structures
Analogous structuresAnalogous structures
Structures that aresimilar in function,but are notinherited from acommon ancestor.
Ex. Insect and BirdWings
Vestigial OrgansVestigial Organs
Inherited, but reduced in size andoften unused.
ex. Pythons have hip and leg bones
Evidence ofEvolution Evidence ofEvolution
Similarities inEmbryologySimilarities inEmbryology
In their earlystages ofdevelopment,chickens, turtlesand rats looksimilar, providingevidence thatthey shared acommonancestry.In their earlystages ofdevelopment,chickens, turtlesand rats looksimilar, providingevidence thatthey shared acommonancestry.
Embryological developmentEmbryological development
