Development Over the Life Span
Birth ( before actually) to Death
Overview
Conception to year one
Cognitive development
Learning to be good
Gender development
Adolescence
Adulthood
The wellsprings of resilience
chapter 3
Objectives
•Describe developmental psychologists andsocialization
•List the 3 stages of prenatal development
•Explain motor reflexes in newborns andsupport with an example
•Describe Types of attachment and Harlow’sMonkey’s and Ainsworth’s babies
At the Beginning….
•Developmental psychologists- Study universalaspects of life span development as well ascultural and individual variations
•Natural life stages
•Physicalogical, cognitive changes
•Socialization- children learn attitudes andbehaviors expected from them in society
Prenatal development
Conception
30 Hours
6 weeks
4 months
chapter 3
Prenatal development= 3 stages
•Germinal – sperm meets female ovum or egg=fertilization
•Inside single cell organism zygote
•10-14 days Zygote begins to split, cluster ofcells, attaches to uterus wall
•Outer portion will be umbilical chord andplacenta
•Nutrients and waste
Stage 2
•Implantation is complete
•Embryonic stage- weeks 2 through 8
•1.5 inches long
•Hormone testosterone secreted; as a resultsex of baby
Stage 3
•8 weeks on fetal stage
•Now called a fetus
•Develops organs and systems of the body
•Neural development ( brain neurons)substantial)
•However some toxins ( tetragons) can seepthrough
Agents that cross theplacenta
German measles
X-rays and other radiation
Sexually transmitted diseases
Cigarette smoking
Alcohol and other drugs
chapter 3
The Infants World
•Can’t survive on own; but have motorreflexes
•Automatic behaviors that are necessary forsurvival
•7 categories of reflexes in the newborn baby
Physical abilities
Newborn reflexes
Rooting
Sucking
Swallowing
Moro (“startle”)
Babinski
Grasping
Stepping
chapter 3
Perceptual abilities
Visual abilities
Quickly develops beyond initial range of eight inches
Can distinguish contrasts, shadows, and edges
Other senses
Hearing
Touch
Olfaction
chapter 3
Culture and maturation
Many aspects of developmentdepend on customs
Baby’s ability to sleep alone
Recommendation to have babies sleep on their back hascaused many babies to skip crawling.
chapter 3
Attachment
A deep emotional bond that an infant developswith its primary caretaker
Contact comfort
In primates, the innate pleasure derived from close physicalcontact
The basis of the infant’s first attachment
Tested using strange situation
A parent-infant “separation and reunion” procedure that is stagedin a laboratory to test the security of a child’s attachment
chapter 3
Margret and Harry Harlow
•Contact comfort with rhesus monkeys
•Artificial mothers
•1st has face, but just wire outside feeding tube
•2nd has face, but terry cloth around wirefeeding tube.
•Scientist used to believe attached to Mombecause she feeds US! NOT TRUE
•Ran to it when startled or scared
Mary Ainsworth (1973)- Strangesituation
•Nature of attachment with mothers and babies
•Mom brings baby into unfamiliar room with toys
•After a while stranger comes in and attempts toplay with child
•Mother leaves child with stranger
•She then returns plays with child, stranger leaves
•Leave baby by self for three minutes
•4 categories of attachment according to M.A.
Types of attachment
Secure
A parent-infant relationship inwhich the baby is secure whenthe parent is present, distressedby separation, and delighted byreunion.
Insecure
A parent-infant relationship inwhich the baby clings to theparent, cries at separation, andreacts with anger or apathy toreunion.
chapter 3
2 more types of attachment
•Avoidant- not caring if mother leaves theroom, make little effort to seek contact uponher return, treating stranger about same asmom
•Anxious/ ambivalent- resisting contact whenmom returns but protesting loudly if sheleaves= cry to be picked up then demand tobe put down
What causes insecureattachment?
Abandonment and deprivation in thefirst two years of life
Parenting that is abusive, neglectful, orerratic
Child’s genetically influencedtemperament
Stressful circumstances in the family
chapter 3
SUMMERIZE
•Cognitive development
•Stages of development
•Attachment: Harlow’s monkeys; Ainsworth’sbabies