•Berlin conference (1884-1885) a peaceful meeting of majorWestern powers to set rules for establishing colonies in Africa,and determine “who gets what.”
•The only African countries avoided the colonization to which theirneighbors succumbed were Ethiopia (Abyssinia), and Liberia(1900).
•Italy’s defeat at the Battle of Adowa insured Ethiopia’s independence(1895).
•Colonial borders toreapart unified societiesor placed rival groupsunder the samecolonial government.
•These bordersremained, even afterAfrican states wonindependence in the20th century.
•They set the stage for20th-century civilwars in Africa.
•During the Napoleonicwars, the British gainedcontrol of the CapeColony.
•The “Afrikaners,”descendants of Dutchsettlers, moved east ofthe Cape Town.
•Came into conflict withthe Zulus,
•As the Cape colonyexpanded eastward, theBritish came intoconflict with the Zulunation (1870s).
•The Anglo-Zulu war(1879) initially favoredthe Zulus, buteventually the Britishdefeated them, andtheir lands became partof the British colony ofSouth Africa.
•Disputes between British and Dutch farmers led to the BoerWars (1880-1881, 1899-1902).
•Afrikaners forced into refugee camps.
•These settlements came to be known as “concentrationcamps.”
•Many Afrikaners died of starvation.
•The Boer wars left Great Britain with control of South Africa
•Afrikaners and black African farmers were displaced ontopoor land, making it hard for them to earn a decent living.
•Unlike other Europeanrulers, King Leopold II (r.1865-1909) of Belgiumowned the colony of Congopersonally.
•The most brutal conditionsof any colony, laborers wereforced to harvest ivory andrubber.
•The Suez Canal (completed in1896) connects the Red Sea to theMediterranean.
•Built by French using Egyptiancorvee laborers.
•Colonial rule alter ways ofworking in Africa and Asia asmore people worked on publicprojects for free.
•British took over control of Egypt,due to unrest that threaten Britishcommercial interest (1882).
••The British East IndiaCompany had commercialrelationship with theMughal Empire (17thcentury).
••Britain shared India withFrance; but the Britishvictory in the Seven YearsWar (1763), drove theFrench out of India.
••The East India Company beganrecruiting native Indians to jointheir colonial army.
••“Sepoys,” Indian soldiers underBritish rule, compose themajority of the British ArmedForces in colonial India.
••The sepoy mutiny (1857)erupted when sepoys believethat their rifle cartridges hadbeen greased with the fat cowsand pigs.
••Convinced that the British weretrying to convert them toChristianity.
•An example ofresistance to colonialrule, the revolt led to theBritish governmenttaking a more active rolein governing of India.
•Because of hisinvolvement in themutiny the last MughalEmperor was imprisonedin exile.
•The British raj, colonialgovernment, ruled Indiafrom 1888 to 1947.
•British rule not popular:•British rule not popular:
1.Mahatma Gandhi said “This civilization takes note neither of moralitynor of religion.”1.Mahatma Gandhi said “This civilization takes note neither of moralitynor of religion.”
2.The Azamgarh Proclamation stated, “both Hindus and Muslims, arebeing ruined under the tyranny and oppression of the infidel and thetreacherous English.”2.The Azamgarh Proclamation stated, “both Hindus and Muslims, arebeing ruined under the tyranny and oppression of the infidel and thetreacherous English.”
3.And like the Americans, Dadabhai Naoroji request politicalrepresentation for Indians in the British government.3.And like the Americans, Dadabhai Naoroji request politicalrepresentation for Indians in the British government.
•Australia was aBritish penal colony.
•Convicts were notallowed to return toEngland.
•Gold rush broughtfree settlers (1851).
•European diseasesdecimated theAborigines(indigenouspeoples).
•Disease wiped out 75% of the Maori population allowing theBritish to colonize New Zealand.
•The colonization of New Zealand, Australia, and Hawaii duringthe nineteenth century was most similar to the colonization ofNorth America in the seventeenth century.
•The Mexican-American War(1845 – 1848) United Statesgaining territories in thesouthwest.
•During 19th century, theU.S. occupied settling thisterritory.
•Late 1800s, feelings ofnationalism and culturalsuperiority, drove America’sdesire for territorialconquest.
•The Spanish-American War(1898), U.S. gets Guam,Cuba, Puerto Rico, thePhilippines.
•Wanting to expand USinfluence throughout theWestern Hemisphere, Pres.Roosevelt issued the“Roosevelt corollary” (1904).
•If a country in LatinAmerica demonstratedinstability, the UnitedStates would feel free tointervene.
That concludes the EuropeanImperialism.That concludes the EuropeanImperialism.