Chapter 26 – The Ottoman Empire,the Islamic Heartland, and QingChinaChapter 26 – The Ottoman Empire,the Islamic Heartland, and QingChina
Ottomans in full retreat – Russia and Austria seized territories,north African provinces broke away
•Early 18th c. Ottoman in decline, weak rulers, drained revenues,economy suffered from competition with the West
•Austrians pushed Ottomans from Hungary and Balkans
Lord Byron –Romantic poet - diedin Greek revolution
•Greece wins independence –1830
•Serbia in 1867
•Mahmud II – 19th c. Ottomansultan; built a private,professional army; crushedthe Janissaries and initiatedreforms based on Westernprecedents, launched farreaching reforms patterned onWestern models
Young Turks – Members of theOttoman Society for Union andProgress; intellectuals andpolitical agitators seeking thereturn of the 1876 constitution;gained power through a coup in1908
Mamluks – Rulersof Egypt under theOttomans;defeated byNapoleon in 1798;revealed thevulnerability of theMuslim world
Muhammad Ali – Controlled Egypt by1811; began a modernization processbased on western models but failed togreatly change Egypt; died in 1848
Khedives - Descendants ofMuhammad Ali; rulers of Egypt until1952
Suez Canal – built to link the Med. And Red Seas in 1869
•British occupied Egypt to safeguard theirfinancial and Strategic interest in canal
•Muhammad Ali’s successors abandonedreform and became dependent on singlecrop, cotton.
•Became indebted to European creditors
•Egyptian foreign debt and strategicimportance of the Suez Canal stimulatedBritish and French thoughts of intervention
•British intervened to save the ruler after arevolt
•British consuls thereafter directed theEgyptian government through puppetkhedives
The Rise and Fall of the Qing(CHING) Empire in ChinaThe Rise and Fall of the Qing(CHING) Empire in China
•Manchu leader Nurhaci united the tribes conquered China
•Manchu elite adopted Chinese ways
•Chinese scholar-gentry entered Manchu service
•Manchu retained much of the political system of the ming
•Chinese and Manchu officials were paired at the highest post
•Examination system continued
•Rulers generous patrons of the arts and employed scholars tocompile great encyclopedias of Chinese Learning
•Until 18th c. influx of silver in payment for exports created afavorable balance of payments
•Late 18th c. Qing in decline
•Exams riddled by cheating and favoritism
•White Lotus Rebellion – rebellionstarted by peasants – crushed butthe glory days of the Qing werefading
Opium War – an unfavorablebalance of trade with Europe
Fought between Britain and QingChina beginning in 1839 to protectthe British trade in opium; Britishvictory demonstrated Westernsuperiority over China
Awarded British Hong Kong andopened other ports to Europeantrade
Opium continued to flow into China
Taiping Rebellion – Massive rebellionin southern China in the 1650s and1860s led by Hong Xiuquan; sought tooverthrow the Qing dynasty andConfucianism
Semi-Christian prophet, social reform,land redistribution and liberation ofwomen. Local gentry rallied to the Qingand assisted in the defeat of thereellion
There was a Chinese nationalist uprising in 1899-1900 againstforeigners, the representatives of alien powers, and ChineseChristians. Expulsion of all foreigners from China was theultimate objective of the uprising. The name Boxers (Yi HeQuan) refers to "The Society of the Righteous andHarmonious Fist," a loose English translation of a Chineseterm also meaning "righteous harmony band." In 1899 theBoxers, a secret society of Chinese, began a campaign ofterror against Christian missionaries in the northeasternprovinces. Although the Boxers were officially denounced,they were secretly supported by many of the royal court,including the dowager empress Cixi (Tz'u Hsi). Economic andpolitical exploitation of China by various Western powers andJapan and humiliating military defeats inflicted by GreatBritain in the Opium War (1840-1842) and by Japan in theSino-Japanese War (1894-95) were the main causes ofChinese resentment.
Boxer Rebellion of 1899-1901
Fall of the Qing: The End of aCivilization
•Resistance centered in secret societies
•Sun Yat-sen “Father of Modern China”
•Revolutions were deeply hostile to Europeaninvolvement in Chinese affairs
•Rebellion forced the abdication of the last Manchuin 1912
•Establishment of republican form of government
•End of civil service exam
•Ending of the use of Confucian values forgoverning society.
•Era of scholar-gentry had closed
Global Connections: Muslim and ChineseDecline – Shifting Global Balance
•China and Islam – crisis and decline
•Muslims faced the threat of the West since Middle Ages
•Chinese had to face a sudden and brutal challenge
•Chinese regarded Westerners as barbarians with a culture
•Muslims had many centers to defend
•Muslims cling to Islam
•Chinese did not have a great indigenous religious tradition