BIO132 Lab 9 Urinary System Exercises 40 & 41A / 41
Figure 40.1
Figure 40.3
Figure 40.4
4X objective
(40X)
10X objective
(100X)
40X objective
(400X)
Czura 2005
KidneyKidney
Cortex
Medulla
Glomeruli
Proximal Convoluted Tubules
Distal Convoluted Tubules
Nephron Loops
Collecting Ducts
Nephron Loop
Glomerulus
Glomerular capsule
Capsular space
Distal Convoluted Tubule
ProximalConvoluted Tubule
4X objective
(40X)
10X objective
(100X)
40X objective
(400X)
Czura 2005
Chronic PyelonephritisChronic Pyelonephritis
Note inflammation of all the tubules (lumens andspaces filled in by leukocytes)
ChronicPyelonephritisChronicPyelonephritis
NormalKidneyNormalKidney
Czura 2005
40X objective
(400X)
Figure 40.2
4X objective
(40X)
10X objective
(100X)
40X objective
(400X)
Czura 2005
Urinary BladderUrinary Bladder
Lumen
Lamina propria
Transitionalepithelium
Detrusor muscle
Detrusor muscle
Lamina propria
Transitionalepithelium
Lumen
10X objective
(100X)
40X objective
(400X)
Czura 2005
UreterUreter
Lumen
Lamina propria
Transitionalepithelium
Smooth musclecircular
Smooth musclelongitudinal
Adventita
Most common components ofurine:
1. Water
2. Urea: protein catabolism
3. Sodium
4. Potassium waste ions
5. Phosphate
6. Sulfate
7. Creatinine: musclemetabolism (creatinephosphate)
8. Uric acid: nucleic acidcatabolism
Urinalysis:
Work in pairs/small groups
Test one normal & oneabnormal sample asprovided
1.Do dipstick first: record alldata
2.Do three test tubeexperiments: sulfates,phosphates, chlorides(instructions on side ofroom: leave waste atstations-do not dumpchemicals down the sink!)
Exercise 41A / 41
Specific Gravity = relativeweight; amount of solutes(“stuff”) in it.
Pure water 1.000
Higher numbers indicate moresolutes
1.001 is dilute urine e.g.diabetes insipidus, chronicrenal failure, diuretic use,drinking too much water
>1.030 is too concentrated e.g.dehydration, fever,pyelonephritis, diabetesmellitus
Substances in excess cancrystallize into renal calculi
pH 4.5 – 8.0 diet relatedHigh protein and wheatdiets = acidVeggie diets = alkaline
Leukocytes: not normal,indicates UTI or otherinflammation
Nitrites: not normal. Nitratesare normal wastes fromfoods, bacteria metabolizeit into nitrite, indicates UTI
Protein = albumin, should notbe filtered at kidney,generally some kind ofvascular trauma in kidneye.g. hypertension,glomerulonephritis, toxins
Glucose, not normal, present inurine when renal thresholdexceeded, indices excessivelevels in blood e.g. diabetesmellitus
Ketones, not normal, productof lipid & proteincatabolism, present whenrenal threshold exceedede.g. starvation, diabetesmellitus
Urobiliogen (breakdownproduct of bilirubin) &
Bilirubin = bile pigments,indicates liver pathologiese.g. hepatitis, cirrhosis,gallstones
RBC = blood, indicatesdamage to kidney/UT
Hemoglobin = lysis of RBCe.g. infections, toxins
Sulfates: common waste ion ofanimal protein catabolism
Phosphates: common in cellsand skeleton, waste ion inblood
Chloride: common form ofsodium in diet is NaCl, Clhas no direct activity inhuman physiology,common waste ion