Learning
Types of Learning
•Classical Conditioning
•Operant Conditioning
•Observational Learning
Types of Learning
•Classical Conditioning
–Pavlov, Garcia
•Operant Conditioning
–Skinner, Watson
•Observational Learning
–Bandura
Defining Learning
•A change in knowledge orbehavior that results fromexperience.
Pavlov’s Apparatus
•Harness and mouth tube help keep dog in aconsistent position to gather uncontaminatedsaliva samples
Before Conditioning
•Before Stimuli Are Paired
–Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) elicitsUnconditioned Response (UCR)
•Meat elicits salivation
–Neutral stimulus (NS) elicits no particularresponse
•The bell does not lead to a particular response
During Conditioning
•Conditioning: Neutral Stimulus (NS)is paired with the UnconditionedStimulus (UCS)
–Bell rings, then meat powder isdelivered
–This pairing happens a number of times(trials)
After Conditioning
•After several trials, when the bellrings, the dog salivates (NO FOODNEEDED!)
–The Bell is now a Conditioned Stimulus(CS)
–Salivation is a Conditioned Response(CR)
Let’s take a moment to recap
Classical Conditioning Terms
•Acquisition
–Formation of a learned response to a stimulusthrough presentation of an unconditioned stimulus
•Extinction
–Elimination of a learned response by removal ofthe unconditioned stimulus
•Generalization
–When the classically conditioned reaction occurs toother (similar) stimuli
Classical conditioning links horrormovie music to fear
Gore
UCS
Fear
UCR
Classical conditioning links horrormovie music to fear
ScaryMusic
Gore
NS
UCS
Fear
UCR
Classical conditioning links horrormovie music to fear
ScaryMusic
Gore
NS
UCS
Fear
UCR
ScaryMusic
Fear
CS
CR
Learning Factors
•Number
of
pairings
•Reliability
of
CS
in
predicting
UCS
•Occurrence
of
CS
just
before
UCS
Timing of CS before UCS
Prepared Classical Conditioning
•Organisms seem predisposed to makecertain associations
e. g., nausea creates taste aversions
Ex: drinking
Ex: Garcia