Title about SSS and food preference

Effects of palatability onfood, caloric, and macronutrientintake in a three-course meal.

Tim Beckner,

Michelle Bertling,

Jai-Sheena Garnett,

Allison Thomas,

Kim Trimble

Overeating: A Growing Problem

•Wide variety of easilyaccessible, highlypalatable, energy-densefoods

•Sensory Specific Satiety

-Rolls 1980s (humans)

-LeMagnen 1950s (rats)

Some Factors that Promote Overeating

I’m full.

BUT!!

Sensory Specific Satiety Researchat Wofford College

- Stinnett et. al 2005

- Ross et. al 2004

- Henry et. al 2003

Meal

Caloriesper gram

Froot Loops(FL)

3.8

Funyuns(OR)

5.0

Rat Chow(RC)

3.3

What is the palatability ranking?

(1) To determine relative palatabilities of RatChow, Onion Rings and Froot Loops®

(2) To determine if sequences of courses in athree-course meal affects

•food intake

•caloric intake

Purposes

(1)When offered 3 foods simultaneously,

Rats will eat very little Rat Chow,

Moderate amounts of Onion Rings, and

Large quantities of Froot Loops.

(2) Offering a sequence of courses in whichpalatability increases with each course willresult in the highest consumption of food andcaloric intake.

Hypotheses

Expected palatability ranking: RC<OR<FL

Methods: Cafeteria Experiment

•21 Male Sprague-Dawley Rats

•12 hour light/12 dark cycle, RC & H2O ad libitumexcept

•Experimental Day (18 hour food deprivation)

•Foods presented simultaneously

–Froot Loops

–Onion Rings

–Rat Chow

•3 rats per week

•Counterbalancedover 7 weeks

Experimental Timeline

Foods removed,weighed, andreturned to cages

8:00 AM

8:10

8:20

8:30

8:40

8:50

9:00

9:20

9:30

Foods removed,weighed, andreturned to cages

9:10

BeginExperiment:Insert 3 foods

EndExperiment:Remove andweigh all foods

Two indices of palatability:

1) Latency to eat each food (minutes)

2) Intake of each food (grams)

18 hourfooddeprivation

Latency is the time frompresentation of the foodto first bite.

Statistical Tests: RM ANOVA and S-N-K Multiple Comparisons p<0.05

*p=0.003

n.s. p=0.054

*p<0.001

n.s. p=0.391

*p<0.001

Results of Cafeteria Experiment

Palatability Hierarchy

RC = OR < FL

Next Experiment:

Effects of Palatability on

Food Intake

Caloric Intake

3 Course Meal

Methods: Sequence Experiment

1st Course

2nd Course

3rd Course

Sequence 1

Sequence 2

Sequence 3

Sequence 4

Sequence 5

Sequence 6

Counterbalanced over 7 weeks

Experimental Timeline

18 hr food

Deprivation

1st Course

2nd Course

Present 1stCourse

8:00

8:50

Measure food intake

9:10

Remove and weigh 1st Course

Present 2nd Course

9:40

Remove and weigh 2nd Course,Present 3rd Course

3rd Course

10:10

Remove andweigh 3rd Course

n.s.

*p<0.001

Palatability Heirarchy:RC=OR<FL

3.3 Cal/gram

5.0 Cal/gram

3.8 Cal/gram

(1) When offered 3 foods, Froot Loops willbe the most palatable, Rat Chow theleast, and Onion Rings will have anintermediate palatability.

(2) Offering a sequence of meals in whichpalatability increases with each meal willresult in the greatest food and caloricintake.

Hypotheses

Supported

Rejected

But Eureka!

Course sequence does have an effect onthe overall nutritional value of amulticourse meal.

Rats and Humans: Differences

• Rats have very tightregulation of foodintake.

• Humans don’tregulate food intakeas effectively.

Rats and Humans: Similarities

•Both show SensorySpecific Satiety

•Both tend to gorge onhighly palatable foods.

Recall the Growing Problem ofOverweight and Obesity

•Observation: Easy access to highly palatable,energy dense foods promotes overeating.

•Advice based on our research andunderstanding of SSS: Eating the mostnutritious courses first allows one to becomesatiated such that one consumes smalleramounts of less nutritious foods.

Eating dessert firstreally does spoil yourdinner.

Extra slides beyond this point

Who Cares?!

•Overweight andobese people.

–Portion control

–Nutritional Value

Further Application: NASA

• Increase in spaceexploration

–Astronauts spendmore time in space

–Change in cephalicfluid

•Astronauts get sick anddon’t eat enough

•Nutritional value

BIG PICTURE!

Changing course sequence in a meal canaffect macronutrient intake

Based on intake,

which food is most palatable?

Least palatable?

Summary:

• Shorter latencies to eat OR and FL suggest

that these foods are more palatable than RC.

Summary:

• When presented simultaneously,rats show a strong preference forFroot Loops.

• RC and OR are of similar palatability.

In a three-course meal,

does the sequence of food presentationaffect total food or nutrient intake ormacronutrient intake?

Results

So total intake ingrams wasn’taffected but whatabout the caloricintake?

The Essential Points

•Overeating is a serious problem

•Why do we overeat?

•Need for study of feeding behaviors

•An animal model of overeating

•SSS and overeating

•Do rats overeat?

•Does palatibility contribute to overeating?

•What effect does palatability have on food, caloric, andmacronutrient intake?

•Must establish relative palatabilities for 3 foods?

•Does the sequence of courses affect intake?

•How is this information useful or beneficial?

•What recommendations can be made based on our results?

What did we learn?

•3 food choices offered Froot loops=most palatable,rat chow=the least, and funyuns=intermediate

If offered 3 foods simultaneously, rats will eat to satietyon the most palatable food, eating very little of the lesspalatable foods.

•After being food deprived, the order in which 3 mealswere offered did not effect the total food intake.

Changing the order in which you eat food has no effecton how much you eat.

•Meal sequence does have an effect on the nutritionalvalue of what you eat in a meal

Return to the Growing Problem ofOverweight and Obesity

•Observation: Easy access to highly palatable,energy dense foods promotes overeating.

•Advise based on our research andunderstanding of SSS: Eat more nutritiousfoods first, then can eat less dessert and feeljust as satisfied.

Experimental Timeline

18 hr food

Deprivation

Course 1

Course 2

PresentCourse 1

8:00

Measure foodintake

8:50

9:10

Remove Course 1,Present Course 2,Measure Course 1 totalintake

Measure foodintake

9:30

9:40

Remove Course 2,Present Course 3,Measure Course 2 totalintake

Course 3

10:00

Measure foodintake

10:10

Remove Course 3,Measure food intake

Did the sequencein which the ratsreceived thecourses affect thetotal food intake?