Information Architecture
Reference Models
Ron Schuldt, ChairRon Schuldt, Chair
The Open Group UDEF ProjectThe Open Group UDEF Project
July 24, 2007July 24, 2007
AgendaAgenda
•The Need to Focus on the “I” of IT
•The Semantic Interoperability Problem
•Reference Model - Description
•The OSI Reference Model
•The OASIS SOA Reference Model
•2 Information Architecture Reference Model Options
•Recommendations
Steve Nunn Presentation to DAMA
March 4-8, 2007
Data Management Association (DAMA) Symposium - March 6, 2007 in Boston
Steve Nunn Presentation to DAMA
March 4-8, 2007
Data Management Association (DAMA) Symposium - March 6, 2007 in Boston
Steve Nunn Presentation to DAMA
March 4-8, 2007
Data Management Association (DAMA) Symposium - March 6, 2007 in Boston
The Semantic Interoperability Problem *
* Extract from The Open Group SOA White Paper
At present, this problem is typically addressed within the services, and by use as faras possible of enterprise-standard and industry-standard vocabularies. In the future,it may be addressed by semantic technology that is incorporated in theinfrastructure, which will be a more scalable way to deliver the ideal of BoundarylessInformation Flow.
Reference Model – DescriptionReference Model – Description
lA reference model is an abstract framework forunderstanding significant relationships among theentities of some environment, and for the developmentof consistent standards or specifications supportingthat environment.lA reference model is an abstract framework forunderstanding significant relationships among theentities of some environment, and for the developmentof consistent standards or specifications supportingthat environment.
lA reference model is based on a small number ofunifying concepts and may be used as a basis foreducation and explaining standards to a non-specialist.lA reference model is based on a small number ofunifying concepts and may be used as a basis foreducation and explaining standards to a non-specialist.
lA reference model is not directly tied to any standards,technologies or other concrete implementation details,but it does seek to provide a common semantics thatcan be used unambiguously across and betweendifferent implementations.lA reference model is not directly tied to any standards,technologies or other concrete implementation details,but it does seek to provide a common semantics thatcan be used unambiguously across and betweendifferent implementations.
OASIS SOA Reference Model Technical Committee
The OSI Reference Model – ISO/IEC 7498-1The OSI Reference Model – ISO/IEC 7498-1
The OSI, or Open System Interconnection, model defines a networking frameworkfor implementing protocols in seven layers. Control is passed from one layer to thenext, starting at the application layer in one station, proceeding to the bottom layer,over the channel to the next station and back up the hierarchy.
The functions performed in each layer are defined in the model. Most of thefunctionality in the OSI model exists in all communications systems, although twoor three OSI layers may be incorporated into one.
The OASIS SOA Reference ModelThe OASIS SOA Reference Model
The Key Functions of Each Component are Defined by the Model
FEA and Data Reference ModelsFEA and Data Reference Models
The FEA Data Reference ModelThe FEA Data Reference Model
United States Federal Enterprise Architecture Data Reference ModelUnited States Federal Enterprise Architecture Data Reference Model
http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/egov/a-5-drm.htmlhttp://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/egov/a-5-drm.html
TOGAF - A “How-to” Reference ModelTOGAF - A “How-to” Reference Model
Where are the keyReference Models thatdirectly address globalinteroperability?
• Process Architecture
• Information Architecture
• Technology Architecture
The Open Group Vision Statement
The Open Group is a vendor-neutraland technology-neutral consortium,whose vision of BoundarylessInformation Flow™ will enable accessto integrated information, within andamong enterprises, based on openstandards and global interoperability
A Data-to-Wisdom Reference ModelA Data-to-Wisdom Reference Model
Data
Wisdom
Knowledge
Information
Machine-to-Machine
Machine-to-Person
Machine-to-Machine
Person-to-Person
Person-to-Machine
Person
Context – with Metadata
Acquired and Understood
Best Possible Decisions
Actors Involved in Exchange
Scope of Information Architecture Reference Model
IA Reference Model – One OptionIA Reference Model – One Option
• Databases
• Data Formats
• Data discovery
• Data retrieval
• File Servers
• Repositories
• Naming Conventions
• Indexing Methods
• Registry
• Ontologies
• Taxonomies
• Vocabularies
• Search engines
• Inference engines
• File retrieval
Example functions and technologies for each layer
• Data standards
• Middleware
• DBMS
• Vaults
• Format standards
• Change control
Structured Data
Stores
Un-Structured Data
Files
Metadata Management
Data Management
Metadata Management
Information Management
• Logical Data Model
• File Labels
The above Reference Model is one option for an Information Architecture Reference Modelthat is being developed by the GEIA Homeland Security and Defense InformationInteroperability (HSDII) Committee - http://www.geia.org/index.asp?bid=1207
IA Reference Model – Another OptionIA Reference Model – Another Option
Example functions and technologies for each layer
The above Reference Model is another option for an Information Architecture Reference Modelthat is being developed by the GEIA Homeland Security and Defense InformationInteroperability (HSDII) Committee - http://www.geia.org/index.asp?bid=1207
Structured Data
Stores
Un-Structured Data
Files
Data Management
Document Management
Metadata
Management
Metadata
Management
Information Management
• Databases
• Data warehouses
• Data standards
• Middleware
• DBMS
• Naming Conventions
• Indexing Methods
• Registry
• Data discovery
• Data retrieval
• Web servers
• Repositories
• Vaults
• Format standards
• Change control
• Ontologies
• Taxonomies
• Vocabularies
• Search engines
• Inference engines
• File retrieval
Information Interoperability Standards Reference ModelInformation Interoperability Standards Reference Model
XBRL
NIEM
Others
HAVE
OAGIS
EDXL
ISO/IEC 11179-5, ISO 15000-5, UN Naming and Design Rules
Cross Standard Semantics and Metadata Alignment – UDEF, RDF, OWL
W3C – XML, XML Schema
….
Domain Specific Implementation Conventions (subsets & extensions)
“Semantic Foundation” Standards
Domain Specific “Semantic and Syntax Payload” Standards
“Semantic Interoperability” Standards
“Syntax Foundation” Standards
GJXDM
The above is being developed by the GEIA Homeland Security andDefense Information Interoperability (HSDII) Committee -http://www.geia.org/index.asp?bid=1207
Should TOGAF Increase Focus On Information?Should TOGAF Increase Focus On Information?
Structured Data
Stores
Un-Structured Data
Files
Metadata Management
Data Management
Metadata Management
Information Management
Is an InformationArchitecture ReferenceModel a suitable additionto TOGAF?
RecommendationsRecommendations
Need a strategy to attract more Information Architectureexperts to Open Group meetings.
Need to establish a formal liaison between the SOAWorking Group and the Semantic Interoperability WorkingGroup.
Future Open Group Conferences should include jointagenda topics and speakers addressing both workinggroups.
Include Information Architecture and applicable ReferenceModels within TOGAF.