INDO-PAKISTAN WAR1947-1979, 1965, 1971
Mrs. Williams
Background Causes
Britain control India between the 15th and 19thcentury
India fought for Independence from Britainthroughout the 19th and 20th century
Two major religious groups: Hindu and Muslim
Indian National Congress (1885) predominatelyHindu
Muslim League (1906) created to counteract theHindu dominance
Map of India Pre-Partition
http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/india/prepartitionmap.htm
Independence
India received independence from Britain in 1947
Two nationalism organizations were created
Indian National Congress (1885)—Nationalist ideals toestablish democracy would reduce the Muslimpopulation
The Muslim League (1906)
Mohandas Gandhi supported both groups to get peacebetween the two groups
Mohammad Ali Jinnah (leader) of Muslim League andbecame the leader of Pakistan (Governor General)
Britain and Partition
Britain sent Lord Louis Mountbatten to India as theviceroy to negotiate independence
Mountbatten acknowledged that a civil war wasinevitable so he imposed a partition
He created a Hindu State, India and a Muslim State,Pakistan
Mountbatten’s Plan
http://www.martinfrost.ws/htmlfiles/aug2007/partition_india.html
Results and Independence
Mountbatten’s Plan was a weak solution
Britain continued to interfere in India even afterindependence was achieved
Partition created massive migration, homelessness,integration into a new society
1947-1949 War
The division between Western and Eastern Pakistanand India were highlighted by differing economicand religious issues
Three princely states were given the opportunity tochose independence or confirm their allegiance toIndia or Pakistan
Kashmir, Mysore, and Hyderbad
Princely States
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:British_Indian_Empire_1909_Imperial_Gazetteer_of_India.jpg
Kashmir
India and Pakistan valued this area
Ruled by a Hindu but Kashmir was mostly Muslim inPopulation
Muslims rose up against the Hindu minority andPakistan sent men to overthrow the government inless than a month
The Maharajah appealed to India for military aidin October, in return for service Kashmir would beacquired by India
This ignited Pakistan to send an army in 1948
War
Both India and Pakistan’s armies were receivingguidance from the British military
Indian military (army) used aircraft and armoredcars to transport troops to the capital of Kashmir
A stalemate was reached by 1948 and a ceasefireagreement was reached
Effects
1500 soldiers were killed
Civilian causalities 1k
Kashmir became part of India
Pakistan army still occupied the northern part ofKashmir