Fossil Fuels

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Fossil Fuels

Formation, Distribution,

Extraction & Purification,

Advantages & Disadvantages,

Alternatives

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Fossil Fuels

Coal

Oil (Petroleum)

Natural Gas

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Formation of Fossil Fuels –common conditions

High Organic Production

Burial of organic material

Reducing conditions – little or no free oxygen

Reducing conditions preserve organic matter

Coal and Petroleum diverge from here

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Formation of Coal

Accumulation of land plant material

Reducing conditions – coastal and inlandswamps

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Formation of Coal

Organic accumulation isgreater than destruction(because of reducingconditions)

Organic matter builds upto form peat

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Formation of Coal

Peat is compressed to formlignite – brown coal

Lignite is compressed andvolatile compounds are lost toform bituminous coal – softcoal

Bituminous coal is furthercompressed and heated toform anthracite – hard coal

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Formation of Petroleum andNatural Gas

Accumulation of organicmaterial – typicallymarine mud

Burial and preservationof organic material –reducing conditions

Reducing conditions indeep sea or oncontinental shelvesduring times of unusualoceanic circulation

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Formation of Petroleum andNatural Gas

Black, organic-rich mud is buried deeper andconverted to rock – shale

With burial, the organic matter is heated

When heat is sufficient (but not too great) – inthe range of 100-300 degrees C – the organicmatter is “cooked” and oil forms

Process is called thermal maturation

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Formation of Petroleum andNatural Gas

If heat is greater than 300 degrees C, the liquidpetroleum is further broken down to form naturalgas

If heat is too great, even the natural gas isbroken down to form carbon dioxide, which hasno value as a fuel

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Migration and Concentration

Petroleum must leave source rock

Process is called migration

Migration is essential because most sourcerocks are too fine-grained to enable easyextraction of the oil

To be economically concentrated, petroleummust migrate to a reservoir rock with a trap

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Examples of Petroleum Traps

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Petroleum Resources

Conditions for source rockare rare

Conditions for maturationmust be just right

Migration must not letpetroleum escape tosurface

Reservoir rock must bepresent

Trap must exist beforemigration occurs

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Where did the U.S. PetroleumIndustry begin?

In New York!

First gas well –Fredonia, New York

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Distribution of Petroleum

Economic accumulations of petroleum onlyoccur when all of these conditions are met

These conditions and the sequence ofoccurrence do not occur everywhere

Conditions are most likely where there are thickaccumulations of sedimentary rock – insedimentary basins

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Some of the world’s mostproductive sedimentary basins

Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Alaska – north slope, Texas –Louisiana Gulf Coast, Iraq and Iran, Mexico, Venezuela

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Refining of Petroleum

Heat and/or chemical treatment to produce:

Gasoline

Diesel Fuel

Kerosene

Liquified Propane (LPG)

Petroleum bases for plastics

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Fractional Distillation

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Advantages

Highly compact & portable

Source of organic molecules &sulfur

Heat-tolerant lubricant

Excellent road & roof surfacing

Solvents for paint

NG – cooking fuel, fertilizer,detergents, & helium

Very economical

Replaced whale oil (saved thewhales)

Source of advancedtechnology

Disadvantages

Burning releases most CO2

Nonrenewable - 50 to 150 yr

National Security - SourceCountries unstable

Transportation – spills & leaks

Increasing Consumption vs.Decreasing Production

Oil & NG are a carcinogens

Contribute to smog

Water Pollutant

Land Degradation

Sulphur & Nitrogen contributesto air pollution.

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Alternatives to Fossil Fuels

Electricity & Heat

Solar

Wind

Water

Geothermal

Hydrogen

Bio-fuels

Transportation

Electricity

Biofuels

Hydrogen

Plastics

Algae

Corn

Sugar Cane & Sugar Beets

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Do you want to see this in video?

http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=3962309378012938462&hl=en#