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Objectives
•Discuss Theodore Roosevelt’s ideas on the role ofgovernment.
•Analyze how Roosevelt changed the government’srole in the economy.
•Explain the impact of Roosevelt’s actions onnatural resources.
•Compare and contrast Taft’s policies withRoosevelt’s.
Chapter 25 Section 1
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Section 4
Roosevelt’s Square Deal
Terms and People
•Theodore Roosevelt – energetic Progressive whobecame the youngest president in 1901
•Square Deal – Roosevelt’s program to keep thewealthy and powerful from taking advantage ofsmall business owners and the poor
•Hepburn Act – gave the Interstate CommerceCommittee power to limit railroad company prices
•Meat Inspection Act – gave federal agentspower to inspect and monitor the meatpackingindustry
Chapter 25 Section 1
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Terms and People (continued)
•Pure Food and Drug Act – gave the federalgovernment responsibility for insuring food andmedicine are safe
•John Muir – California naturalist who advocatedfor the creation of Yosemite National Park
•Gifford Pinchot – forestry official who proposedmanaging the forests for later public use
Chapter 25 Section 1
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•National Reclamation Act – gave the federalgovernment power to decide where and how waterwould be distributed in arid western states
•New Nationalism – Roosevelt’s 1912 plan torestore the government’s trustbusting power
•Progressive Party – Roosevelt’s party in the1912 election
Terms and People (continued)
Chapter 25 Section 1
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Roosevelt’s Square Deal
What did Roosevelt think governmentshould do for citizens?
After a number of weak and ineffectivePresidents, Theodore Roosevelt was acharismatic figure who ushered in a new era.
Roosevelt passed Progressive reforms,expanded the powers of the presidency, andchanged how Americans viewed the roles ofthe President and the government.
Chapter 25 Section 1
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•Shortly after graduation from Harvard in 1880,he was elected to the New York State Assembly.
•Following the death of his wife three years later,he headed west to become a rancher.
•He had a reputation for being smart, opinionated,and extremely energetic.
In 1901, 43-year-old Theodore Rooseveltbecame the United States’ youngest president,rising quickly as a Progressive idealist.
Chapter 25 Section 1
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•Chosen by President McKinleyto be Assistant Secretary ofthe Navy, he resigned toorganize the Rough Riders atthe start of the SpanishAmerican War.
•He returned a war heroand was elected Governorof New York in 1898.
In 1889 he returned, earning a reputation forfighting corruption on New York City’s Board ofPolice Commissioners.
Chapter 25 Section 1
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But, in 1901,William McKinleywas assassinated.
As Governor, hisProgressive reformsupset Republicanleaders. To get himout of New York,President McKinleyagreed to makeRoosevelt hisrunning mate in1900. They woneasily.
As President,Roosevelt dominatedWashington. He wasso popular that evena toy, theteddy bear,was namedfor him.
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Chapter 25 Section 1
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Section 4
Roosevelt’s Square Deal
Roosevelt greatly expanded the power ofthe presidency and the role of governmentbeyond that of helping big business.
•He used the powerof the federalgovernment onbehalf of workersand the people.
•His Square Dealprogram promisedfairness andhonesty fromgovernment.
Chapter 25 Section 1
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In 1902, Roosevelt threatened a federaltake-over of coal mines when ownersrefused to compromise on hours.
This was the first time thefederal government hadstepped into a labor disputeon the side of workers.
The Department of Commerceand Labor was established toprevent capitalists fromabusing their power.
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Chapter 25 Section 1
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Roosevelt also took onthe railroads after thecourts stripped theInterstate CommerceCommission’s authorityto oversee rail rates.
Elkins Act (1903)
Allowed the governmentto fine railroads that gavespecial rates to favoredshippers, a practice thathurt farmers
Hepburn Act (1906)
Empowered the ICC toenforce limits on theprices charged by railroadcompanies for shipping,tolls, ferries, and pipelines
Chapter 25 Section 1
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Roosevelt’s Square Deal
Roosevelt was knownas a trustbuster.He used the ShermanAntitrust Act to
file suits againstwhat he saw as“bad” trusts, thosethat bullied smallbusinesses orcheated consumers.
Chapter 25 Section 1
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Roosevelt backedProgressive goals toprotect consumersby making thefederal governmentresponsible for foodsafety.
Today, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) testsand monitors the safety of food and medicine.
•The Meat InspectionAct provided for federalinspections andmonitoring of meatplants.
•The Pure Food andDrug Act banned theinterstate shipments ofimpure or mislabeledfood or medicine.
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Roosevelt had a deep reverence for nature,which shaped his policies.
As a Progressive,Roosevelt supportedGifford Pinchot’sphilosophy on thepreservation ofresources.
Pinchot felt that resourcesshould be managed andpreserved for public use.
Roosevelt also admiredJohn Muir, who helpedestablish Yosemite NationalPark, and who advised himto set aside millions ofacres of forestland.
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Rooseveltadded 100million acresto theNational Parkand ForestSystem.
Chapter 25 Section 1
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This Act gave thefederal governmentpower to distributewater in the aridwest, effectivelygiving governmentthe power to decidewhere and howwater would bedispensed.
In anotherexample of thegovernment’sauthority,Congress passedthe NationalReclamationAct of 1902.
Chapter 25 Section 1
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1909
Taft approved the Aldrich Act which didn’tlower tariffs as much as Roosevelt wanted.
1910
Taft signed the Mann-Elkins Act providingfor federal control over telephone andtelegraph rates.
1911
Taft relaxed the hard line set by theSherman Antitrust Act.
In 1908, Roosevelt retired. But he soon disagreedwith his successor William Howard Taft on severalissues.
Chapter 25 Section 1
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Taft believed that a monopoly was acceptable as longas it didn’t unreasonably squeeze out smallercompanies.
When Taft fired Gifford Pinchot and overturned anearlier antitrust decision, Roosevelt angrily decided tooppose Taft and ran for president again.
Taft did not share Roosevelt’s views ontrusts but this was not the only area inwhich they disagreed.
Chapter 25 Section 1
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Section 4
Roosevelt’s Square Deal
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Roosevelt promised to restore government trust-busting in a program he called New Nationalism.
Roosevelt thenaccepted thenomination of theProgressive Partysetting up a three-way race for thepresidency in 1912.
Roosevelt’s candidacy split the RepublicanParty, which nominated Taft.