Module 6: CPU Scheduling

Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002

6.1

Operating System Concepts

Chapter 6: CPU Scheduling

Basic Concepts

Scheduling Criteria

Scheduling Algorithms

Multiple-Processor Scheduling

Real-Time Scheduling

Algorithm Evaluation

Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002

6.2

Operating System Concepts

Basic Concepts

Maximum CPU utilization obtained withmultiprogramming

CPU–I/O Burst Cycle – Process execution consists of acycle of CPU execution and I/O wait.

CPU burst distribution

Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002

6.3

Operating System Concepts

Alternating Sequence of CPU And I/O Bursts

Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002

6.4

Operating System Concepts

Histogram of CPU-burst Times

Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002

6.5

Operating System Concepts

CPU Scheduler

Selects from among the processes in memory that are ready toexecute, and allocates the CPU to one of them.

CPU scheduling decisions may take place when a process:

1.Switches from running to waiting state.

2.Switches from running to ready state.

3.Switches from waiting to ready.

4.Terminates.

Preemptive: allows a process to be interrupted in the midst of itsCPU execution, taking the CPU away to another process

Non- Preemptive: ensures that a process relinquishes control ofCPU when it finishes with its current CPU burst

Scheduling under 1 and 4 is nonpreemptive.

All other scheduling is preemptive.

Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002

6.6

Operating System Concepts

Dispatcher

Dispatcher module gives control of the CPU to theprocess selected by the short-term scheduler; thisinvolves:

switching context

switching to user mode

jumping to the proper location in the user program to restartthat program

Dispatch latency – time it takes for the dispatcher to stopone process and start another running.

Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002

6.7

Operating System Concepts

Scheduling Criteria

CPU utilization – keep the CPU as busy as possible

Throughput – # of processes that complete theirexecution per time unit

Turnaround time – amount of time to execute a particularprocess (finishing time – arrival time)

Waiting time – amount of time a process has been waitingin the ready queue

Response time – amount of time it takes from when arequest was submitted until the first response isproduced, not output (for time-sharing environment)

Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002

6.8

Operating System Concepts

Optimization Criteria

Max CPU utilization

Max throughput

Min turnaround time

Min waiting time

Min response time

Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002

6.9

Operating System Concepts

First-Come, First-Served (FCFS) Scheduling

ProcessBurst Time

P124

P2 3

P3 3

Suppose that the processes arrive in the order: P1 , P2 , P3The Gantt Chart for the schedule is:

Waiting time for P1 = 0; P2 = 24; P3 = 27

Average waiting time: (0 + 24 + 27)/3 = 17

Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002

6.10

Operating System Concepts

FCFS Scheduling (Cont.)

Suppose that the processes arrive in the order

P2 , P3 , P1 .

The Gantt chart for the schedule is:

Waiting time for P1 = 6; P2 = 0; P3 = 3

Average waiting time: (6 + 0 + 3)/3 = 3

Much better than previous case.

Convoy effect short process behind long process

Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002

6.11

Operating System Concepts

Shortest-Job-First (SJR) Scheduling

Associate with each process the length of its next CPUburst. Use these lengths to schedule the process with theshortest time.

Two schemes:

nonpreemptive – once CPU given to the process it cannotbe preempted until completes its CPU burst.

preemptive – if a new process arrives with CPU burst lengthless than remaining time of current executing process,preempt. This scheme is know as theShortest-Remaining-Time-First (SRTF).

SJF is optimal – gives minimum average waiting time fora given set of processes.

Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002

6.12

Operating System Concepts

ProcessArrival TimeBurst Time

P10.07

P22.04

P34.01

P45.04

SJF (non-preemptive)

Average waiting time = (0 + 6 + 3 + 7)/4 - 4

Example of Non-Preemptive SJF

Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002

6.13

Operating System Concepts

Example of Preemptive SJF

ProcessArrival TimeBurst Time

P10.07

P22.04

P34.01

P45.04

SJF (preemptive)

Average waiting time = (9 + 1 + 0 +2)/4 = 3

Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002

6.14

Operating System Concepts

Determining Length of Next CPU Burst

Can only estimate the length.

Can be done by using the length of previous CPU bursts,using exponential averaging.

Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002

6.15

Operating System Concepts

Prediction of the Length of the Next CPU Burst

Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002

6.16

Operating System Concepts

Examples of Exponential Averaging

 =0

n+1 = n

Recent history does not count.

 =1

 n+1 = tn

Only the actual last CPU burst counts.

If we expand the formula, we get:

n+1 =  tn+(1 - )  tn -1 + …

+(1 -  )j  tn -1 + …

+(1 -  )n=1 tn 0

Since both  and (1 - ) are less than or equal to 1, eachsuccessive term has less weight than its predecessor.

Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002

6.17

Operating System Concepts

Priority Scheduling

A priority number (integer) is associated with eachprocess

The CPU is allocated to the process with the highestpriority (smallest integer  highest priority).

Preemptive

nonpreemptive

SJF is a priority scheduling where priority is the predictednext CPU burst time.

Problem  Starvation – low priority processes may neverexecute.

Solution  Aging – as time progresses increase thepriority of the process.

Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002

6.18

Operating System Concepts

Round Robin (RR)

Each process gets a small unit of CPU time (timequantum), usually 10-100 milliseconds. After this timehas elapsed, the process is preempted and added to theend of the ready queue.

If there are n processes in the ready queue and the timequantum is q, then each process gets 1/n of the CPU timein chunks of at most q time units at once. No processwaits more than (n-1)q time units.

Performance

q large  FIFO

q small  q must be large with respect to context switch,otherwise overhead is too high.

Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002

6.19

Operating System Concepts

Example of RR with Time Quantum = 20

ProcessBurst Time

P153

P2 17

P368

P4 24

The Gantt chart is:

Typically, higher average turnaround than SJF, but betterresponse.

117

121

134

154

162

Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002

6.20

Operating System Concepts

Time Quantum and Context Switch Time

Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002

6.21

Operating System Concepts

Scheduling Criteria

CPU utilization – keep the CPU as busy as possible

Throughput – # of processes that complete theirexecution per time unit

Turnaround time – amount of time toexecute a particular process (finishing time– arrival time)

Waiting time – amount of time a process has been waitingin the ready queue

Response time – amount of time it takes from when arequest was submitted until the first response isproduced, not output (for time-sharing environment)

Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002

6.22

Operating System Concepts

Class Exercise

Process

Time

Each team works on finding an average turnaround time for a

quantum time at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002

6.23

Operating System Concepts

Turnaround Time Varies With The Time Quantum

Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002

6.24

Operating System Concepts

Multilevel Queue

Ready queue is partitioned into separate queues:foreground (interactive)background (batch)

Each queue has its own scheduling algorithm,foreground – RRbackground – FCFS

Scheduling must be done between the queues.

Fixed priority scheduling; (i.e., serve all from foregroundthen from background). Possibility of starvation.

Time slice – each queue gets a certain amount of CPU timewhich it can schedule amongst its processes; i.e., 80% toforeground in RR

20% to background in FCFS

Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002

6.25

Operating System Concepts

Multilevel Queue Scheduling

Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002

6.26

Operating System Concepts

Multilevel Feedback Queue

A process can move between the various queues; agingcan be implemented this way.

Multilevel-feedback-queue scheduler defined by thefollowing parameters:

number of queues

scheduling algorithms for each queue

method used to determine when to upgrade a process

method used to determine when to demote a process

method used to determine which queue a process will enterwhen that process needs service

Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002

6.27

Operating System Concepts

Multilevel Feedback Queues

Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002

6.28

Operating System Concepts

Example of Multilevel Feedback Queue

Three queues:

Q0 – time quantum 8 milliseconds

Q1 – time quantum 16 milliseconds

Q2 – FCFS

Scheduling

A new job enters queue Q0 which is served FCFS. When itgains CPU, job receives 8 milliseconds. If it does not finishin 8 milliseconds, job is moved to queue Q1.

At Q1 job is again served FCFS and receives 16 additionalmilliseconds. If it still does not complete, it is preemptedand moved to queue Q2.