Sedimentary GeologyGeos 240 – Chapter 7Sediment TransportProcessesSedimentary GeologyGeos 240 – Chapter 7Sediment TransportProcesses
Dr. Tark HamiltonDr. Tark Hamilton
Readings from Sediments & Basins: (7:1-41)Readings from Sediments & Basins: (7:1-41)
Camosun CollegeCamosun College
Crossbeds, Cretaceous Non-Marine NEBCCrossbeds, Cretaceous Non-Marine NEBC
Hjulstrom Diagram: Caliber vs VelocityHjulstrom Diagram: Caliber vs Velocity
Turbulent Boundary LayerCauses Flow Separation:Tractive flow, Entrainment, SuspensionTurbulent Boundary LayerCauses Flow Separation:Tractive flow, Entrainment, Suspension
Turbidity Current in a Lab Flume:Dense, Turbulent, Sediment UnderflowTurbidity Current in a Lab Flume:Dense, Turbulent, Sediment Underflow
Bedform Phase Diagram:Stable Bedforms vs Caliber & VelocityBedform Phase Diagram:Stable Bedforms vs Caliber & Velocity
2-D PlanarTabularX-bedsPlatte RiverNebraska~3.19 m/sec2-D PlanarTabularX-bedsPlatte RiverNebraska~3.19 m/sec
3-DLinguoidDunes&TroughX-beds3-DLinguoidDunes&TroughX-beds
Flume ObservationsFlume Observations
Laminar Stable Flow
Turbulent Flow
Variation in Ripple/Dune shapesVersus Shallowness & VelocityVariation in Ripple/Dune shapesVersus Shallowness & Velocity
or
Large simple X-bed, Devonian Old Red Sandstone. ScotlandLarge simple X-bed, Devonian Old Red Sandstone. Scotland
Real Gap, no bedforms
Unstable turbulent transition
Gravel Dunes
Haro Strait
Upper Plane Bed. Platte River NebraskaUpper Plane Bed. Platte River Nebraska
Upper Plane Bed. Proterozoic siltstoneUpper Plane Bed. Proterozoic siltstone
Upper Plane Bed. Ordovician calcarenite. Bed bottom & scourUpper Plane Bed. Ordovician calcarenite. Bed bottom & scour
Standing Waves form AntidunesStanding Waves form Antidunes
Alaska
Standing Waves form AntidunesStanding Waves form Antidunes
California Beach
Climbing RipplesClimbing Ripples
Climbing RipplesClimbing Ripples
Climbing RipplesClimbing Ripples
Planar Cross BedsPlanar Cross Beds
Planar Cross BedsPlanar Cross Beds
Trough Cross BedsTrough Cross Beds
Trough Cross BedsTrough Cross Beds
Gravel Bar Bedforms, Modern RiverGravel Bar Bedforms, Modern River
Gravel Bar Bedforms, Modern RiverGravel Bar Bedforms, Modern River
Imbrication of ClastsImbrication of Clasts
ReversingTidal CurrentsFloodSlackwaterEbbSlackwater*(not all tides arepurely diurnal!)~basin shapeReversingTidal CurrentsFloodSlackwaterEbbSlackwater*(not all tides arepurely diurnal!)~basin shape
Symmetric - Tidal Foresets - AsymmetricSymmetric - Tidal Foresets - Asymmetric
Or Tidal Delta
New/Full
Half
Tidal Bedding TerminologyTidal Bedding Terminology
Tidal Ripple Bedforms, Seattle WATidal Ripple Bedforms, Seattle WA
Wavy Bedding, Cretaceous, UtahWavy Bedding, Cretaceous, Utah
Bedform Type versus Location with WavesBedform Type versus Location with Waves
Waves in Shallows, Near ShoreWaves in Shallows, Near Shore
Wave Rippled Modern Beach South CarolinaInterference Patterns in Sandy RipplesFormed During Prior Flood TideBeing Modified in EbbWave Rippled Modern Beach South CarolinaInterference Patterns in Sandy RipplesFormed During Prior Flood TideBeing Modified in Ebb
Wave Rippled Ordovician Calcarenites, OttawaWave Rippled Ordovician Calcarenites, Ottawa
Sandbars
Herringbone
Calsiltites
Dolo-grainstones
HummockyCrossStratification(HCS)JurassicOld RedSandstoneYorkshire(domes &mounds)HummockyCrossStratification(HCS)JurassicOld RedSandstoneYorkshire(domes &mounds)
Storm Driven – Coriolis ControlledDue to Flow in a Rotating Reference FrameStorm Driven – Coriolis ControlledDue to Flow in a Rotating Reference Frame
4 Types of Dunes in Eolian Settings4 Types of Dunes in Eolian Settings
Dreat Sand Dunes Nat’l Monument, CODreat Sand Dunes Nat’l Monument, CO
Transverse Dunes, Gobi Desert, ChinaTransverse Dunes, Gobi Desert, China
Transverse Dunes, Gobi Desert, ChinaTransverse Dunes, Gobi Desert, China
Barchan Dunes, Gobi Desert, ChinaBarchan Dunes, Gobi Desert, China
Modern Wind Ripples Climbing Dune FaceModern Wind Ripples Climbing Dune Face
Lighter Winds Channelled
By Older Dunes
Permian Wind Fall Ripples AZPermian Wind Fall Ripples AZ
Note Rare Wind Ripple Foresets
Modern Grain Fall Deposits Down Dune FaceModern Grain Fall Deposits Down Dune Face
Modern Grain Flow Lobes Down Dune FaceModern Grain Flow Lobes Down Dune Face
Permian Grain Fall & Grain Flow Lenses, UKPermian Grain Fall & Grain Flow Lenses, UK
Permian Grain Fall & Grain Flow Lenses, UKPermian Grain Fall & Grain Flow Lenses, UK
Flow Direction out of Page & Downwards
Foresets & Ripples, Permian, ArizonaForesets & Ripples, Permian, Arizona
Wind Ripples Down Dune Face, Permian, ArizonaWind Ripples Down Dune Face, Permian, Arizona
Classification of Sediment Gravity FlowsClassification of Sediment Gravity Flows
Evolution of Flow Type with TimeEvolution of Flow Type with Time
Debris Flow, Venezuela Feb 2000Debris Flow, Venezuela Feb 2000
Cenozoic Debris FlowWith Large Logs, JapanCenozoic Debris FlowWith Large Logs, Japan
Reworked Glaciomarine Debris FlowReworked Glaciomarine Debris Flow
Miocene Debris Flow,Near Anatolian Fault TurkeyMiocene Debris Flow,Near Anatolian Fault Turkey
Miocene Debris Flow,Near Anatolian Fault TurkeyMiocene Debris Flow,Near Anatolian Fault Turkey
Mud Ball?
Cenozoic Polymict Conglomerate,California (Any Faults nearby?)Cenozoic Polymict Conglomerate,California (Any Faults nearby?)
Cambro-Ordovician Cow HeadBreccia, W. NewfoundlandCambro-Ordovician Cow HeadBreccia, W. Newfoundland
Reef Breccia
Abyssal Turbidites
Cambro-Ordovician Cow HeadBreccia, W. NewfoundlandCambro-Ordovician Cow HeadBreccia, W. Newfoundland
Reef Breccia
Remoulded Turbidites
Cretaceous Debris Flow Lenses FranceCretaceous Debris Flow Lenses France
Tethyan Reef Debris
Sediment Gravity Flows & SupportSediment Gravity Flows & Support
See Notes
Fluidized Flows, Cretaceous S. FranceFluidized Flows, Cretaceous S. France
Fluidized Flows, Cenozoic Riverdale CAFluidized Flows, Cenozoic Riverdale CA
Dense, Cold, Sediment LadenGlacial Outwash Plunges BeneathLake Louise AB as a Turbidity CurrentDense, Cold, Sediment LadenGlacial Outwash Plunges BeneathLake Louise AB as a Turbidity Current
See Notes
7.2 Quake~20 kmdeepTsunamisweptBurinPeninsula7.2 Quake~20 kmdeepTsunamisweptBurinPeninsula
1929 Grand Banks Failure & Tsunami1929 Grand Banks Failure & Tsunami
1929 Grand BanksFailureTriggered byEarthquake(Each Lat° is 60 nm)This Puppy Travelled1353 km!1929 Grand BanksFailureTriggered byEarthquake(Each Lat° is 60 nm)This Puppy Travelled1353 km!
Complete Bouma Sequence (Medial)Complete Bouma Sequence (Medial)
Turbidity Event Pelagic Sediment
Down Current &
Along Transport
Evolution of
Turbidites
Medial Deposits: B >> C
Distal D & E Couplets
Proximal Deposits: A > B-E