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A day to night method of sleep is called thecircadian rhythm.A day to night method of sleep is called thecircadian rhythm.

This corresponds with the pattern of the sunas in sunrise and sunset.This corresponds with the pattern of the sunas in sunrise and sunset.

But If you take away all time cues then youbody will run off a 25 hr clock called free-running rhythmBut If you take away all time cues then youbody will run off a 25 hr clock called free-running rhythm

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•Sleep is divided into stages based onbrain waves

•EEGs or electroencephalograms whichprovide a picture of the electrical activity ofthe brain

Stages of sleepStages of sleep

•First stage produces small irregular wavescalled beta waves

•As sleep gets deeper then the transfer to thetawaves

•Second stage pattern of waves are called sleepspindles

–Broken up into K complexes which are large, slowwaves.

–Skeletal muscles are completely relaxed in this stage

Stages continuedStages continued

•Stages 3 & 4 delta waves are common butwith a larger proportion of them in stage 4

•all stages beside the last one areconsidered non-rem or NREM

–The eyes are still

REM (rapid eye movement)REM (rapid eye movement)

•In this stage the eyes move vigorously.

–This is associated when dreaming however isnot the only stage where you sleep

This is also called paradoxical sleep becausethe brain waves show as you are awake

InsomniaInsomnia

•This is lack of sleep, which can take theform of an inability to fall asleep or tomaintain sleep.

•Stress, can cause temporary insomnia

as can alcohol or a stimulant ascaffeine

NarcolepsyNarcolepsy

•Is the inability to stay awake

–They have urges to sleep at inappropriatetimes

–They only sleep for a few minutes

–Can be treated but the cause of the disorderis unknown

Sleep ApneaSleep Apnea

•Is a disorder in which a person repeatedlystop breathing while sleeping

•It happens hundred of times during sleepleaving the sufferer exhausted during theday

–Correlated with obesity ad also liked toalcohol consumption

–SIDS maybe be a form of sleep apnea

HypnosisHypnosis

•Is an altered state of consciousness whichthe hypnotized person is under completerelaxation.

–Neodissociative theory: somehow divides ordissociates the mind into two parts

–Posthypnotic suggestion: are instructionsgiven to people when they are hypnotized thatare to be implented after they wake

Psychoactive drug effectsPsychoactive drug effects

•Another way to receive alter state is byusing psychoactive drug

–Divided into four broad categories

•Central nervous system (CNS)

•CNS stimulants

•Narcotics

•Hallucinogens

CNS depressantsCNS depressants

•Are drugs that slow down the CNS

–Include alcohol, barbiturates and tranquilizers

elevate your mood and relax inhibitions whilethe same time inducing intoxication

Intoxication = state of behavioral and cognitiveimpariament

Alcohol = decrease neural dopamine levels,reduction in attention and motor ability

Includes dizziness, slurred speech, impairedjudgment. etc

BarbituratesBarbiturates

•Are drugs hat inhibit neural arousalcenters

–Results in decreased anxiety, increaserelaxation and sleep

–Very dangerous when mixed with alcohol

–And very addictive

Tranquilizer – reduce anxiety w/o inducingsleep

CNS stimulantsCNS stimulants

•Caffeine is a mild CNS. This accelratesyour heart rate and constricts bloodvessels

•Reduces levels of Adenosine, anuerochemical regulator

•Amphetamines powerful CNS, increasebody temp & heart rate

–Found in most diet products

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•Cocaine is an extremely potent, increasesheart rate and blood pressure

–Users feel as though they have increasedmental and social ability

–Highly addictive

Nicotine – found in tobacco smoke, mixed withstimulant & depressent behavioral effects