Moving From Describing to Explaining.
The use of evidence to justify your points.
A structure for paragraphs:
CLAIM
JUSTIFY
SUPPORT
IMPLICATION
A structure for paragraphs:
CLAIM
Write a first sentencewhich controls therest of theparagraph.
JUSTIFICATION
Unpack the “claim”sentence/s. Useevidence to justify it.
Skills: Explain, justifyand suggest.
A structure for paragraphs:
SUPPORT
Further justify yourview/argument/point with quotes fromsources, andreferences fromarticles, writers,books, thinkers, casestudies.
IMPLICATION
Identify thesignificance of yourpoint in relation tothe focus of thequestion.
Link to your nextparagraph.
Quoting and Referencing:
Direct quote:
the exact words of anotherwriter or from a sourcebetween inverted commas, toemphasise a particular pointor to provide an example ofanother author's perspectiveor theory, try to keep directquotes to a minimum.
Over-reliance on otherpeople’s words can show alack of understanding, criticalthought and/or effort on yourpart, and is often a part ofwhat is known as‘patchworking’.
“Youth is still infavour of thesystem: the novelty,the drill, theuniform, the camplife all that ismarvellous.”
This only shows that you haveread some material; it doesn’tshow that you have reallyunderstood about it
Quoting and Referencing:
Paraphrasing:
As a general rule, try toreword a quote in yourown words (this is calledparaphrasing); remember itis still essential to refer tothe source of the material.
In most other cases, you willbe able to phrase it betterfor your purposes, whetherthat involves shortening it,elaborating on it orotherwise adapting it tomake it fit smoothly in yourtext (without altering themeaning, obviously!).
“Youth found theactivities of theHitler Youthappealing”
Quoting and Referencing:
Summary:
This when you simplify andsummarise a long source ofevidence or quote.
“Youth is still in favour of thesystem:
1)The novelty
2)The drill
3)The uniform
4)The camplife
5)The fact that school andthe home take a backseat”
Quoting and Referencing:
Referencing:
Referring to sources or otherwriting has several purposes. It:
i) establishes authority in yourwriting
ii) illustrates your writing withevidence
iii) allows your reader to trace(and judge the validity of) thematerial you’ve considered
In some subjects using otherwriters or groups of thinkers work,interpretations or views isnecessary to achieve the highestlevels. E.g. an A grade!
“It has beenestimated that asmany as 95% ofGerman Youthbacked Hitler.”
 A. Wilt – “NaziGermany” 1994.
Why is quoting and referencing important?
RE
“A well-focused,reasoned response tothe issues raised.Different views areclearly explained withsupporting evidenceand argument.”
“There is some criticalanalysis. An appropriateevaluation is supportedby reasoned argument.”
“A thorough treatmentof the topic within thetime available.Information is accurateand relevant, and goodunderstanding isdemonstrated throughuse of appropriateevidence / examples”
Level 7.
Why is quoting and referencing important?
Sociology
“Analysis and evaluationmay be developed, forinstance through adiscussion of the contrastbetween functionalist,Marxist, interactionist,feminist and/orpostmodernist views or aconsideration of the linksbetween different aspectsof identity.”
Higher in the band, knowledge will bebroader and/or deeper and moreconceptually detailed and answers willshow an understanding of a range ofsociological data and perspectives onreligion as a shared universe ofmeaning today. Material will be drawnfrom Item  A and elsewhere. This mayinclude concepts and issues such as:secularisation; theodicy;fundamentalism; spiritual shopping;metanarrative; lifestyle; patriarchy;oppression; pick and mix religion; NewAge movements; disenchantment;globalisation; social solidarity; anomie;religious pluralism and religion ascompensator. Sources may includeHeelas; Bruce; Glock and Stark; Berger;Berger and Luckmann; Stark andBainbridge; Weber; Lyotard; Barker;Davie; Lynch; Roof; Durkheim, etc.
Why is quoting and referencing important?
History
“Answers will be well-focused and closelyargued. The arguments willbe supported by preciselyselected evidence fromthe sources and ownknowledge, incorporatingwell-developedunderstanding of historicalinterpretations anddebate. Answers will, forthe most part, be carefullyorganised and fluentlywritten, using appropriatevocabulary..”
Level 5