CHLAMYDIA, RUBELLA ANDCMV (ELISA)
Abortion
•Defined as delivery occurring before the 28th completedweek of gestation
•Fetus weighing less than 500g
•Early abortion and late abortion
•15% of clinically evident pregnancies
•80% of abortions prior to 12 weeks’ gestation
Etiology
•Infection
•Exposure to high levels of radiation or toxic agents
•Hormonal problems, Thyroid disease.
•Uterine abnormalities , Incompetent cervix.
•Disorders of the immune system, including lupus
•Some Diseases: Severe kidney disease, Congenitalheart disease, Diabetes that is not controlled
•Certain medications, such as the acne drug Accutane
•Severe malnutrition
Infections
•Maternal infection with a large number of different organismshas been associated with an increased risk of miscarriage.
•Fetal or placental infection by the offending organism thenleads to pregnancy loss.
• Examples of infections that have been associated withmiscarriage include infections by
• Listeria monocytogenes,
•TORCH (Toxoplasma gondii, rubella, herpes simplex, cytomegalovirus)
•parvovirus B19,, and lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus.
CHLAMYDIA
Classification
•Confusion occurred by the discovery of Chlamydia asit was classified as both bacteria and virus:
•It is classified as virus for its:
•Basophilic staining in the host cell to form the elementarybodies, which are small, dense and about 0.3µ in diameter.
•Intracellular micro-organism, they can’t synthesized ATP, butuse the host cell for this purpose.
•It differs from viruses by:
•They have both DNA and RNA.
•Have their self-metabolic system.
•They are able to grow and multiply.
•They are surrounded by a cell membrane.
•Response to antibiotic thereby.
Species of chlamydia:
•C. psittaci, cause psittacosis.
•C. lymphogranulomatis, cause lymphgranulomavenerum.
•C. trachomatis, cause conjunctival and corneadisease. ( Trachoma )
•C. occulogenitalis, cause conjunctivitis.
Psittacosis:
•Is a respiratory disease of man acquired from contactwith infected birds, which excretes the organism inthe stool.
•It causes infection in the upper respiratory system andalso pneumonia.
Laboratory diagnosis:
•Sputum and blood test ( smear to show elementary bodies ).
•Virus isolation: as the virus can be isolated by inoculation of theyolk sac, by the intracerebral intranasal or intraperitonealinjection into mice.
•Serological tests:
•Complement fixation.
•Agglutination test.
•Neutralization test.
•ELISA
Lymphgranuloma venerum:
•Is a venereal disease characterized by:
•Enlargement of the regional lymph nodes, tend toform sinuses.
•Infect the urethral parts and cause urethritis and isaccompanied by systemic symptom of an infection.
•
Laboratory diagnosis:
•Smears ( biopsy from the infected lymph node ) ,pus cells can be seen from infected lymph nodesand stain ( elementary bodies ).
•Culture: is not useful as it will give neg. results andresist all antibiotics.
Trachoma:
•Grows in the conjunctival and cornea cells tocause kerato-conjuctivitis.
•Laboratory diagnosis:
•Smear.
•ELISA.
RUBELLA
•Rubella is a rather mild disease spread by the way ofrespiratory secretion.
•Cause German measles, there symptom is:
•Firstly catarrhal symptoms and mild fever.
•Irregular rash.
•There incubation period is 3 – 4 weeks.
•The tragic aspect of Rubella may become evident of infectionoccurs during pregnancy.
•The virus can cross the placental wall and infect the virus, thismay lead to fetal death or congenital defect which may be:
•Hearing loss.
•Mental retardation.
Laboratory diagnosis:
•Complement fixation.
•Neutralization test.
•Heme immune agglutination (HIA).
•Heme agglutination inhibition (HAI).
•ELISA, IgM and IgG.
CYTOMEGALO VIRUS
•CMV is called salivary gland virus which may infectssalivary glands or parotid glands.
•An increase number of infections with this virushave reported in adults with neoplastic disease,leukemia, or tissue transplantation.
•We can isolate this virus from all body fluids
Laboratory diagnosis:
•Histopatholgical studies, this virus leads to theformation of certain inclusion in the infected cells.
•Virus isolation.
•ELISA.
•Notice: when we measure IgG, it rarelynegative and often positive, so we determinethe titer, suppose it is 300 IU/ml, after 2-3weeks we make follow up and do the CMVagain, if:
•The titer in the same level it is negative.
•The titer is high, it is positive.
HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS
• (HSV-1 and HSV-2), also known as human herpesvirus1 and 2 (HHV-1 and HHV-2),
•HSV-1 and -2 are transmitted by contact with aninfected area of the skin , sexual transmissions.
•neurotropic and neuroinvasive viruses, HSV-1 and -2persist in the body by becoming latent and hidingfrom the immune system in the cell bodiesof neurons.
•Treatment acyclovir
Laboratory diagnosis:
•Virus isolation.
•ELISA.