ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY
Dr. Sam Rhodes
Office Hours: T – 9-10, W 9-10, R 10-12, F 1:30-3:30
Tel: 317-738-8305
SyllabusClass OrganizationCourse WebsiteThe Importance of the Textbook
1. What is Physiology?Mechanistic approachEvolutionary approach2. The Importance of theHypothetico-Deductive Method
Interstitial fluid
Plasma
Blood
Vessel
Extracellular fluid
Intracelluar fluid
Cell
Issues of Being Multicellular
A. each cell has
requirements
B. interstitial fluid
C. circulatory system
D. cells form tissues and
organs that perform
specialized functions
for the whole organism
oxygen
nutrients
Carbon dioxide
wastes
•Organs are made of two or more types of of tissue (epithelium, connective tissue muscle or nerve)
• Organ systems consist of two or more organs functioning together to serve the body (exchange gases, obtain nutrients, void wastes
•All organ systems function together to provide the requirements of each cell in the body
Issues of Size and Scale
SA / V = 6 SA / V = 3
•Obtaining nutrients
•Voiding wastes
•Heat loss / gain
•Gas exchange
Homeostasis: maintaining a relatively constant internal environment
•Regulators (expend metabolic energy to maintain homeostasis)
•Conformers (do not expend metabolic energy to maintain homeostasis)
Maintain
Homeostasis
Is essential
For
survival
of
Cells
Make up
Body systems
Fig. 1-6, p.11
Major Components of a Homeostatic Control System
•Set point
•Sensor (receptor)
•Integrator
•Effector
•Feedback
Sensor
Integrator
Effector(s)
Compensatory response
Controlled variable
restored to normal
Negative feedback to shut off the
system responsible for the response
Deviation in
controlled variable
Set
Point
(leads to)
(results in)
(brings about)
(sends instructions to)
(informs)
*
Relieves
(detected by)
Fig. 1-8a, p.13
Fig. 1-8c, p.13
Increase in fluidconcentration
Detected by thehypothalamus –which signals thepituitary
Pituitary releasesAntidiureticHormone whichacts on the kidney
Kidney producesa low volume ofvery concentratedurine. This helpsretain more waterin body
Helps dilute body fluidsand counteract affects ofdehydration
Provides Negative
Feedback
Controlled variable
Sensor
Integrator
Effector
Set point
Higher regulator
(a) Reset control of negative feedback by a higher
system or clock
Fig. 1-10a, p.17
Integrator or
regulatory
process
Deviation in
controlled variable
(May use a Sensor)
Output
(may use an effector)
(b) Positive feedback
Accentuates
the change
Fig. 1-10b, p.17
Uterus begins contractions
Stretch
sensors
Mother’s hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Contractions
enhanced
(c) Example of positive feedback: birth of a mammal
Oxytocin secreted
Signal from mature fetus
Fig. 1-10c, p.17
Importance of Mathematical Modeling (Curve Fitting)
• Describe and communicate information effectively
• Make predictions about the function of a system
• Help to formulate and select from alternative hypotheses