The Fat-Soluble Vitamins

A, D, E, and K

The Fat-SolubleVitamins

TableSumWatervsFat.jpg 000AC5E4Macintosh HD ABA78158:

Vitamin A AndBeta-Carotene

•Retinoids and carotenoids

–Vitamin A activity

$C:\Files\Projects\UN10e\MMMgr\01Images\Chapter 11\fig11_01.gif$

Vitamin A AndBeta-Carotene

$C:\Files\Projects\UN10e\MMMgr\01Images\Chapter 11\fig11_02.gif$

Vitamin A AndBeta-Carotene

•Retinol-binding protein (RBP)

Vitamin A AndBeta-Carotene

•Roles in the body

–Vitamin A in vision

$C:\Files\Projects\UN10e\MMMgr\01Images\Chapter 11\fig11_03.gif$

•Roles in the body

–Vitamin A in protein synthesisand cell differentiation

$C:\Files\Projects\UN10e\MMMgr\01Images\Chapter 11\fig11_04.gif$

Vitamin A AndBeta-Carotene

•Roles in the body

–Vitamin A in reproduction and growth

–Beta-carotene as an antioxidant

Vitamin A AndBeta-Carotene

•Recommendations

–Retinol activity equivalents (RAE)

Vitamin A AndBeta-Carotene

•Vitamin A in foods

–The colors ofvitamin A foods

–Vitamin A-poorfast foods

–Vitamin A-richliver

$C:\Files\Projects\UN10e\MMMgr\01Images\Chapter 11\in-text_pg375.jpg$

In Summary

•Other names

–Retinol

–Retinal

–Retinoic acid

–Precursors are carotenoids suchas beta-carotene

•2001 RDA

–Men: 900 g RAE/day

–Women: 700 g RAE/day

In Summary

•Upper level for adults: 3000g/day

•Chief functions in the body

–Vision

–Maintenance of cornea, epithelialcells, mucous membranes, skin

–Bone and tooth growth

–Reproduction

–Immunity

In Summary

•Significant sources

–Retinol: fortified milk, cheese,cream, butter, fortifiedmargarine, eggs, liver

–Beta-carotene: spinach andother dark leafy greens; broccoli,deep orange fruits (apricots,cantaloupe) and vegetables(squash, carrots, sweetpotatoes, pumpkin)

In Summary

•Deficiency disease:hypovitaminosis A

•Deficiency symptoms

–Night blindness, corneal drying(xerosis), triangular gray spotson eye (Bitot’s spots), softeningof the cornea (karatomalacia),and corneal degeneration andblindness (xerophthalmia)

In Summary

•Deficiency symptoms(continued)

–Impaired immunity (infections)

–Plugging of hair follicles withkeratin, forming white lumps(hyperkaratosis)

Deficiency Symptom:Keratinization

$C:\Files\Projects\UN10e\MMMgr\01Images\Chapter 11\fig11_06.jpg$

In Summary

•Toxicity disease:hypervitaminosis A

•Chronic toxicity symptoms

–Increased activity of osteoclastscausing reduced bone density

–Liver abnormalities

–Birth defects

In Summary

•Acute toxicity symptoms

–Blurred vision

–Nausea, vomiting, vertigo

–Increase of pressure inside skull,mimicking brain tumor

–Headaches

$C:\Files\Projects\UN10e\MMMgr\01Images\Chapter 11\fig11_08.gif$

Vitamin D

•Other names

–Calciferol

–1,25-dihyroxy vitamin D(calcitriol)

–Animal version: vitamin D3 orcholecalciferol

–Plant version: vitamin D2 orergocalciferol

–Precursor is the body’s owncholesterol

Vitamin D

•1997 adequate intake (AI)

–19-50 years: 5 g/day

–51-70 years: 10 g/day

–more than 70 years: 15 g/day

•Upper level for adults: 50g/day

Vitamin D

•Chief functions in the body

–Mineralization of bones (raisesblood calcium and phosphorus byincreasing absorption fromdigestive tract, withdrawingcalcium from bones, stimulatingretention by kidneys)

Vitamin D

•Significant sources

–Synthesized in the body with thehelp of sunlight

–Fortified milk, margarine, butter,cereals, and chocolate mixes

–Veal, beef, egg yolks, liver, fattyfish (herring, salmon, sardines)and their oils

$C:\Files\Projects\UN10e\MMMgr\01Images\Chapter 11\fig11_09.gif$

$C:\Files\Projects\UN10e\MMMgr\01Images\Chapter 11\in-text_pg378.jpg$

Vitamin D

•Deficiencydiseases

–Rickets

–Osteomalacia

$C:\Files\Projects\UN10e\MMMgr\01Images\Chapter 11\fig11_10.jpg$

Vitamin D

•Deficiency symptoms: ricketsin children

–Inadequate calcification,resulting in misshapen bones(bowing of legs)

–Enlargement of ends of longbones (knees, wrists)

–Deformities of ribs (bowed, withbeads or knobs)

Vitamin D

•Deficiency symptoms: ricketsin children (continued)

–Delayed closing of fontanel,resulting in rapid enlargement ofhead

$C:\Files\Projects\UN10e\MMMgr\01Images\Chapter 11\in-text_pg380.jpg$

Vitamin D

•Deficiency symptoms: ricketsin children (continued)

–Lax muscles resulting inprotrusion of abdomen

–Muscle spasms

•Deficiency symptoms:osteomalacia in adults

–Loss of calcium, resulting in soft,flexible, brittle, and deformedbones

Vitamin D

•Deficiency symptoms:osteomalacia in adults (cont.)

–Progressive weakness

–Pain in pelvis, lower back, andlegs

•Toxicity disease:hypervitaminosis D

Vitamin D

•Toxicity symptoms

–Elevated blood calcium

–Calcification of soft tissues(blood vessels, kidneys, heart,lungs, tissues around joints)

–Frequent urination

Vitamin E

•Other name: alpha-tocopherol

•2000 RDA

–Adults: 15 mg/day

•Upper level for adults: 1000mg/day

•Chief function in the body

–Antioxidant (stabilization of cellmembranes, regulation ofoxidation reactions, protection ofpolyunsaturated fatty acids andvitamin A)

Vitamin E

$C:\Files\Projects\UN10e\MMMgr\01Images\Chapter 11\fig11_12.gif$

Vitamin E

•Significant sources

–Polyunsaturatedplant oils(margarine, saladdressings,shortenings)

–Leafy greenvegetables, wheatgerm, whole grains,liver, egg yolks,nuts, seeds

$C:\Files\Projects\UN10e\MMMgr\01Images\Chapter 11\in-text_pg381.jpg$

Vitamin E

•Easily destroyed by heat andoxygen

•Deficiency symptoms

–Red blood cell breakage

–Nerve damage

•Toxicity symptoms

–Augments the effects ofanticlotting medication

Vitamin K

•Other names

–Phylloquinone

–Manaquinone

–Menadione

–Naphthoquinone

•2001 AI

–Men: 120 g/day

–Women: 90 g/day

Vitamin K

•Chief functions in the body

–Synthesis of blood-clottingproteins and bone proteins thatregulate blood calcium

11_13.jpg 000AB174Macintosh HD ABA78158:

Vitamin K

•Significantsources

–Bacterialsynthesis in thedigestive tract

–Liver

–Leafy greenvegetables,cabbage-typevegetables

–Milk

$C:\Files\Projects\UN10e\MMMgr\01Images\Chapter 11\in-text_pg384.jpg$

Vitamin K

•Deficiency symptoms

–Hemorrhaging

•Toxicity symptoms

–None known

The Fat-SolubleVitamins -In Summary

•Interactions with each other

•Interactions with minerals

Antioxidant Nutrients InDisease Prevention

•Free radicals and disease

–Oxidative stress

•Defending against free radicals

–Oxidants and antioxidants

Antioxidant Nutrients InDisease Prevention

$C:\Files\Projects\UN10e\MMMgr\01Images\Chapter 11\figH11_01.gif$

$C:\Files\Projects\UN10e\MMMgr\01Images\Chapter 11\figH11_01.gif$

Antioxidant Nutrients InDisease Prevention

•Defending against cancer

Antioxidant Nutrients InDisease Prevention

•Foods, supplements, or both?

–Prooxidants