Quitting Work After Giving
Birth in Japan:
A Voluntary or Forced Decision
B12670 SATO AI
さて、ようやく、
私
の成長戦略の中核
で
ある「女性の活躍」
について、お話させ
ていただきます
(
Prime Minister of Japan and His Cabinet
2013
)
「社会のあらゆる
分野で
2020
年まで
に指導的地位に
女
性が占める割合を
30
%以上
とする」
という大きな目標
があります。
(
Prime Minister of Japan and His Cabinet
2013
)
いまだに、多くの
女性が、
育児をと
るか仕事をとるか
という二者択一を
迫られている現実
があります。
(
Prime Minister of Japan and His Cabinet
2013
)
仕事で活躍している女
性も、家庭に専念して
いる女性も、すべての
女性が、その
生き方に
自信と誇り
を持ち、
輝
けるような日本
をつ
くっていきたいと思い
ます
(
Prime Minister of Japan and His Cabinet
2013
)
Global Gender Gap Report 2013
in
136
(
WEF
2013)
105
th
Quitting Work After
Giving Birth in
Japan:
A Voluntary or Forced Decision?
日本における出産後の退職は自発的行為か、それとも強制され
た決断か
?
1.
Defining Terms
2.
Evidence for a Voluntary
3.
Evidence for a Forced Decision
4.
Analysis
5.
Conclusion
1.
Defining Terms
2.
Evidence for a Voluntary
3.
Evidence for a Forced Decision
4.
Analysis
5.
Conclusion
1.Defining Terms
Voluntary:
Done, given, or acting of one’s
own
free will
-OXFORD
1.Defining Terms
Forced
:
Obtained or
imposed
by
coercion
or
physical power
-OXFORD
the use of threats or orders to make
someone do something they do not
want to do
coercion
Paraphrase
the title:
-Do women really have a
choice
?
-Are they
effectively forced
out of the workforce?
1.
Defining Terms
2.
Evidence for a Voluntary
3.
Evidence for a Forced Decision
4.
Analysis
5.
Conclusion
2.Evidence for a Voluntary
2.1 A monetary merit
2.2
A lot of
people favor Japanese “Traditional”
gender roles
2.3 Japanese women have choices
2.Evidence for a Voluntary
2.1 A monetary merit
2.2
A lot of
people favor Japanese “Traditional”
gender roles
2.3 Japanese women have choices
2.1 A monetary merit
•
Exemption for spouse
:配偶者控除
No income or an income of
just over a million yen a year
Wives do not
need to pay tax
Husbands are cut
off tax amount
2.1 A monetary merit
(
Cabinet office
2012
)
Figure1
「妻の今後の就労意向」(子育て中の妻)
Voluntary:
Done, given, or acting of
one’s
own free will
Quitting Work After
Giving
Birth in Japan
is
a voluntary
2.Evidence for a Voluntary
2.1 A monetary merit
2.2 A lot of people favor Japanese “Traditional”
gender roles
2.3 Japanese women have choices
2.2
A lot of people favor Japanese “Traditional”
gender roles
2.2
A lot of people favor Japanese “Traditional”
gender roles
■
賛成、どちらかといえば賛成
◆
反対、どちらかといえば反対
▲
どちらでもない
(
Cabinet office Danjo Kyôdô Sankaku Kyoku
2013)
Figure
2
「夫は外で働き,妻は家庭を守るべきである」という考えをどう思
うか?
2.2
A lot of
people favor Japanese “Traditional”
gender roles
■
賛成、どちらかといえば賛成
◆
反対、どちらかといえば反対
▲
どちらでもない
(
Cabinet office Danjo Kyôdô Sankaku Kyoku
2013)
Figure3
「夫は外で働き,妻は家庭を守るべきである」という考えをどう思
うか?
(
Yomiuri shimbun
2009
)
2.2
A lot of
people favor Japanese “Traditional”
gender roles
2.2
A lot of
people favor Japanese “Traditional” gender roles
Voluntary:
Done, given, or acting of
one’s
own free will
(
Asahi shimbun Digital
2012
)
Figure4
「夫は外で働き、妻は家庭を守るべきか?」
Quitting Work After
Giving
Birth in Japan
is
a voluntary
2.Evidence for a Voluntary
2.1 A monetary merit
2.2
A lot of
people favor Japanese “Traditional”
gender roles
2.3 Japanese women have choices
2.3 Japanese women have choices
in136
(WEF 2013)
4
th
2.3 Japanese women have choices
Gender
Gap
Subindexes
2013
(0.00=INEQUALITY,
1.00=EQUALITY)
Sweden
Japan
Labour force participation ....................................
0.93
0.74
(
就労率
)
(WEF 2013)
2.3 Japanese women have choices
日本では、「専業主婦」というと社会
的に立派な役割を果たしていることが
ある程度認められています。・・・と
ころがスウェーデンでは、
Hemmafru(
家にいる婦人)を評価して
きませんでした。
(
Nihonkeizaishimbun 2013
)
Voluntary:
Done, given, or acting
of one’s
own free will
Quitting Work After
Giving
Birth in Japan
is
a voluntary
1.
Defining Terms
2.
Evidence for a Voluntary
3.
Evidence for a Forced Decision
4.
Analysis
5.
Conclusion
3.Evidence for a Forced Decision
3.1
Lack of Nursery School
3.2 Maternity Harassment
3.3 Cooperation at home in Japan
3.Evidence for a Forced Decision
3.1 Lack of Nursery School
3.2 Maternity Harassment
3.3 Cooperation at home in Japan
3.1
Lack of Nursery School
平成
24
年
10
月
1
日
【
待機児童状況のポイント
】
○
保育所入所待機児童数は
46
,
127
人
で平成
23
年
10
月
と比較し
493
人減少した。
○
平成
24
年
4
月の待機児増数
24
,
825
人から、
21
,302
人増加(
1.8
倍)した。
(
Health, Labour and Welfare
Ministry
2012
)
Forced:
Obtained or
imposed
by
coercion
or physical power
Quitting Work After Giving
Birth in Japan
is
A Forced decision
3.Evidence for Forced Decision
3.1 Lack of Nursery School
3.2 Maternity Harassment
3.3 Cooperation at home in Japan
3.2 Maternity Harassment
(NHK 2013)
3.2 Maternity Harassment
ある女性は退職願の書類を手に持っていた。
この書類は、彼女が育児休暇から戻ったあ
と、雇用主に契約を延長することは出来な
いと言って
渡されたものであった。記入を求
められた退職願の理由欄には「労
働契約期間満了」と下書きがあっ
た。
(Yomiuri
shimbun
2013
)
3.2 Maternity Harassment
%
of pregnant workers
experienced Maternity Harassment
(NHK 2013)
25.
6
Forced:
Obtained or
imposed
by
coercion
or physical power
Quitting Work After Giving
Birth in Japan
is
A Forced decision
3.Evidence for Forced Decision
3.1
Lack of Nursery School
3.2 Maternity Harassment
3.3 Cooperation at home in Japan
3.3
Cooperation at home in Japan
•
In 2012,
the rate of men who took childcare
leaves in Japan was…
Men %
1.89
(Asahi shimbun Digital
2013)
3.3 Cooperation at home in Japan
Housework
Men
Women
Cleaning house
Cooking
Washing dishes
5.2%
2.1%
4.5%
75.6%
85.2%
74.7%
(
Kanbara2009.95
)
Forced:
Obtained or
imposed
by
coercion
or physical power
Figure
5 「家庭における家事分担」
Quitting Work After Giving
Birth in Japan
is
A Forced decision
1.
Defining Terms
2.
Evidence for a Voluntary
3.
Evidence for a Forced Decision
4.
Analysis
5.
Conclusion
4.Analysis
Evidence for a Voluntary
2.1 A monetary merit
2.2
A lot of
people favor Japanese “Traditional”
gender roles
2.3 Japanese women have choices
4.Analysis
Figure1
「妻の今後の就労意向」
(
Cabinet office
2011
)
4.Analysis
2.1 A monetary merit
Exemption for spouse
:配偶者控除
No income or an income of just
over a million yen a year
103
万の壁
4.Analysis
2.1 A monetary merit
103
万円=給与所得控除(
65
万円)と基礎控除(
38
万円)
(
NPO Seimê Hoken Centre
2013)
Figure6
「
103
万の壁?」
Voluntary:
Done, given, or acting of
one’s
own free will
4.Analysis
2.2
A lot of
people favor Japanese “Traditional” gender roles
4.Analysis
2.2
A lot of
people favor Japanese “Traditional” gender roles
(
Mainabi
2012)
Figure7
「専業主婦になりたいですか?」(
20~29
歳の働く未婚女性を
対象)
4.Analysis
Voluntary:
Done, given, or acting
of one’s
own free will
Figure8
「ライフイベントによる女性の就業形態の変化」
(
Cabinet office Danjo Kyôdô Sankaku Kyoku
2013)
2.2 A lot of people favor Japanese “Traditional” idea
4.Analysis
日本では、「専業主婦」というと社会
的に立派な役割を果たしていることが
ある程度認められています。・・・と
ころがスウェーデンでは、
Hemmafru(
家にいる婦人)を評価して
きませんでした。
(
Nihon Keizai Shimbun
2013
)
2.3 Japanese women have choices
4.Analysis
2.3 Japanese women have choices
Figure9
「女性の年齢層別労働力率の国際比較」
(
Nikkei BP Net
2012
)
4.Analysis
Sweden
Japan
Estimated earned income (PPP US$) .......................
0.93
0.57
(およその勤労取得)
Legislators, senior officials and managers ............
0.48
0.10
(国会議員、上級職員、経営者)
Professional and technical workers ........................
1.06
0.85
(専門家や技術者)
2.3 Japanese women have choices
Voluntary:
Done, given, or acting of
one’s
own free will
(WEF 2013)
4.Analysis
Evidence for a Forced Decision
3.1 Lack of Nursery School
3.2 Maternity Harassment
3.3 Cooperation at home in Japan
4.Analysis
平成
24
年
10
月
1
日
【
待機児童状況のポイント
】
○
保育所入所待機児童数は
46,127
人
で平成
23
年
10
月
と比較し
493
人減少した。
○
平成
24
年
4
月の待機児増数
24,825
人から、
21,302
人増加(
1.8
倍)した。
(
Health, Labour and Welfare
Ministry
2012
)
3.1 Lack of Nursery School
4.Analysis
3.1 Lack of Nursery School
Forced:
Obtained or
imposed
by
coercion
or physical power
(
Health, Labour and Welfare Ministry
2012
)
Figure10
「都道府県別 待機児童数」
4.Analysis
3.2 Maternity Harassment
Figure11
「妊娠・出産前後に退職した理由」
Forced:
Obtained or
imposed
by
coercion
or physical power
(
Cabinet office
2012
)
4.
Analysis
Housework
Men
Women
Cleaning house
Cooking
Washing dishes
5.2%
2.1%
4.5%
75.6%
85.2%
74.7%
(
Kanbara2009.95
)
3.3 Cooperation at home in Japan
Figure5
「家庭における家事分担」
4.Analysis
3.3 Cooperation at home in Japan
Forced:
Obtained or
imposed
by
coercion
or physical power
Figure 12
「
6
歳未満児をもつ夫の家事・育児時間(
1
日当たり)」
(
Cabinet office
201
2)
1.
Defining Terms
2.
Evidence for a Voluntary
3.
Evidence for a Forced Decision
4.
Analysis
5.
Conclusion
4.Analysis
Evidence for a Voluntary
2.1 A monetary merit
→
×
2.2 A lot of people favor
Japanese “Traditional”
gender roles
→
×
2.3 Japanese women have
choices
→
△
Evidence for a Forced Decision
3.1 Lack of Nursery School
→
△
3.2 Maternity Harassment
→
△
3.3 Cooperation at home in
Japan
→
○
5.
Conclusion
Quitting Work After Giving Birth
in Japan:
a Voluntary or Forced Decision
A Forced Decision
1.
Defining Terms
2.
Evidence for a Voluntary
3.
Evidence for a Forced Decision
4.
Analysis
5.
Conclusion
Thank you
for listening
!