How to workwith graphs and statistics
How to workwith graphs and statistics
•Practice with numbers
•How do you say the following numbers:
100,0003.1607¾
1,000,00014.75400,602 45/8
1,000,000,00065%536,00025.05
Numbers
•Hundreds, thousands, millions and billions
•100 a hundred
•250 two hundred and fifty
•1,000 a thousand
•5,400 five thousand, four hundred
•10,650 ten thousand, six hundred and fifty
•100,000 a hundred thousand
•240,000 two hundred and forty thousand
•500,000 five hundred thousand (or half a
million)
•1,000,000 a million
•1,000,000,000 a billion
NUMBERS
•It is important to be able to say and understandnumbers in business contexts. You may need togive or receive details over the phone or duringa face-to-face discussion. Remember to ask forclarification and check that you have received orhave given the right numbers.
Numbers
•Pronunciation
Be careful of the difference in pronunciationbetween numbers like thirteen and thirty;nineteen and ninety etc. Misunderstandingscould cause problems.
Numbers
•The number 0
We say zero, oh or nought.
Zero can be used to talk about any kind of number:
0.25zero point two five
Tel: 305 6670three zero five six six seven zero
Room 702seven zero two
You can also use nought before a decimal point and oh after it.
0.56nought point five six
0.202nought point two oh two
Oh is also used in telephone and fax numbers, room numbers, reference numbers andaccount numbers. (See Dates)
3460928three four six oh nine two eight
Room 6065six oh six five
Ref number 3408 three four oh eight
Numbers
•Telephone and fax numbers
•Say each digit separately, except for 'doubles' which you canjoin together.
210485 two one oh four eight five
471 661 four seven one double six one or four seven one six six one
•We often group the digits, putting a slight pause between thegroups, as this makes it easier to say and to understand thenumber.
21 34 85 two one, three four, eight five
213 485 two one three, four eight five
Note that it is not usual to say twenty-one, thirty-four, eighty-fivein English.
Numbers
•Decimals
•In British English it is usual to say each individual digitafter the decimal point. This is not the case in AmericanEnglish.
•BrE AmE
4.56 four point five six four point fifty-six
0.175 nought point one seven fivezero point onehundred seventy-five
Note that in English we use and say point for decimals, notcomma.
Numbers
•Dates
•There are various ways to write dates, but to avoidconfusion write the month as a word rather than a number.
•Write Say
1 October 1999the first of October nineteen ninety-nine
October 1, 1999October the first, nineteen ninety-nine.
1875eighteen seventy-five
1904 nineteen oh four or nineteen hundredand four
2000two thousand
2004two thousand and four
Numbers
•Other numbers
•20% twenty per cent
•1/2 a half
•3/4 three quarters or
three fourths (AmE)
•3 1/2 three and a half
Understanding graphs
•A pie chart is useful when you want to show how a totalamount is divided up, for example a budget, your profits,imports and exports.
•A bar chart is effective for comparing or contrasting resultsand figures from different sources or groups, for exampleownership of various consumer goods.
•A line graph is the best way of showing changes over a periodof time, for example changes in currency values, the inflationrate, or company profits.
•A pictogram is essentially the same as a bar chart but usesimages or symbols instead of rectangular bars to show theamounts.
Understanding graphs
Scatter Diagrams
•What it is used For
•To identify relationships between two processvariables.
•When to use it
•When the team thinks that one variable isdependent on another.
•To confirm that two variables have arelationship.
Understanding graphs
•Scatter diagram
Understanding graphs
Understanding graphs
Presenting Information as a graph
•When you want to present statisticalinformation in graph form, it is important tochoose the appropriate type of graph for theinformation you are presenting.
How to workwith graphs and statistics
•Graphs present information in a different way towritten analyses and tables of figures.
•GRAPHS
•are easy to understand at a glance
•are more visually interesting
•can illustrate trends and patterns clearly andconcisely
•can be presented in colour to highlight importantdifferences or similarities.
Tables and appropriate types of graphThe most admired companies in 1999Here a bar chart is suggested
RANK
LAST YEAR
COMPANY
SCORE
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
3
7
1
17
6
24
2
/
10
4
Coca Cola
Procter&Gamble
Rubbermaid
Johnson & Johnson
Intel
Merck
Microsoft
Mirage Resorts
Hewlatt Packard
Motorola
8.70
8.55
8.35
8.32
8.30
8.26
8.23
8.23
8.19
8.19
Tables and appropriate type of graphFidelity Investments –ownership of the company.Here a pie chart is suggested
Non-family
51%
Johnson Family Group
49.0%
Abbot Johnson
24.5%
Ned Johnson
12.0%
3 family members and associates
12.5%
50 executives (including fund managersand marketing executives)
51.0%
Tables and appropriate type of graphInvestment Bankers in 2000Here a bar chart is suggested
RANK
ADVISER
VALUE of DEALS
NUMBER of DEALS
1
Morgan Stanley
45,744
31
2
J.P.Morgan
40,325
33
3
Baring Brothers
36,549
33
4
Goldman Sachs
29,785
39
5
Lazard Houses
29,401
46
6
SBC Wartburg
27,303
93
Tables and appropriate types of graphBrands - % of total marketing spendingHere a line graph is suggested
YEAR
MEDIA
PROMOTION
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
55%
55%
52%
53%
54%
55.5%
56%
45%
45.5%
47%
46.5%
45%
44.5%
44%
Describing Trends
•When you are talking about trends usinggraphs and statistics, it is important to be ableto describe different types of change anddifferent degrees of change
Describing Trends
UP
DOWN
RISE
INCREASE
SHOOT UP
ROCKET
GROW
GO UP
SOAR
FALL
DECREASE
PLUMMET
DECLINE
DROP
SLUMP
COLLAPSE
GO DOWN
Describing Trends
•Fluctuate
•Stabilise
These two verbs do not belong to the verbsindicating an up or down trend.
Describing Trends
GRADUAL UP
RAPID/SUDDEN UP
RISE
INCREASE
GO UP
GROW
SOAR
ROCKET
SHOOT UP
Describing Trends
GRADUAL DOWN
RAPID/SUDDEN DOWN
FALL
DECREASE
DROP
GO DOWN
DECLINE
PLUMMET
SLUMP
COLLAPSE
Describing TrendsAppropriate adverbs
GRADUAL
RAPID/SUDDEN
STEADILY
SLIGHTLY
SLOWLY
CONSISTENTLY
GRADUALLY
STEEPLY
SHARPLY
DRAMATICALLY
RAPIDLY
PRACTICE
Imagine you are the Sales Manager of LochGlen
plc, a Scottish conpany which produces various
brands of whisky. Use the information in the
following tables to prepare a short presentation
about the company, covering trends in:
•UK sales
•Market share at home and abroad
•Brand profitability
UK sales in £000s
1999
2000
LOCHGLEN
50 000
52 000
LOCHKEDDIE
45 000
49 000
MACDINGLE
36 000
43 000
ROYAL SCOT
47 000
46 000
TOTAL SALES
183 000
190 000
MARKET SHARE (%)
EUROPE
NORTH AMERICA
JAPAN
1995
9
10
2
1996
9.5
11
2.5
1997
10
12
5
1998
10.25
15
6
1999
11
14.5
6.6
2000
10.5
14
7
PROFITS ON SALE OF TWO UK BRANDS(£ MILLION STERLING)
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
OLD MALT
1.2
1.5
2
2.3
2.5
GLENCLASSIC
3
3.2
2.9
2.7
2.6
2.6
SUGGESTED ANSWER
•Sales have gone up for most brands between 1999 and2000 in the UK, with a slight drop for Royal Scot.LochKeddie has steadily increased its market share andthe sales of MacDingle have soared.
•The trend for the first half of the ‘90s is an overallincrease in the market share of these products all overthe world, particularly in Japan, where the marketshare has grown sharply.
•Old Malt brand has doubled its profitability, whereasGlen Classic has slightly decreased over the last fiveyears.