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Extreme Light Infrastructure –Nuclear PhysicsExtreme Light Infrastructure –Nuclear Physics

2nd Workshop on Ion Beam Instrumentation

LULI, Paris, June 7th – 8th, 2012

Extreme Light Infrastructure (ELI)Extreme Light Infrastructure (ELI)

2006 – ELI on ESFRI Roadmap

ELI-PP 2007-2010 (FP7)

ELI - Beamlines (Czech Republic)

ELI - Attoseconds (Hungary)

ELI - Nuclear Physics (Romania)

Project Approved by the EuropeanCompetitiveness Council (December 2009)

ELI-DC (Delivery Consortium): April 2010

February-April 2010

Scientific case “White Book” (100 scientists, 30 institutions) (www.eli-np.ro)

approved by ELI-NP International Scientific Advisory Board

August 2010

Feasibility Study

December 2010 – Romanian Government:

ELI-NP priority project

August 2011 – March 2012

Technical Design

January 2012

Submission of the application for funding

March 2012

Detailed technical design of the buildings.

ELI-NP

NUCLEAR

Tandem acc.Cyclotron

γ – Irradiator

Adv. Detectors

Life & Env.

Radioisotopes

Reactor(decomm.)

Waste Proc.

ring rail/road

BUCHAREST

Lasers

Plasma

Optoelectronics

Material Physics

Theoretical Physics

Particle Physics

Bucharest-Magurele Physics CampusBucharest-Magurele Physics Campus

National Physics InstitutesNational Physics Institutes

Large equipments:

Ultra-short pulse high power laser system, 2 x 10PWmaximum power, ultrashort pulses (300J, 30fs)

Gamma radiation beam, high intensity and collimation,tunable energy up to 20MeV, bandwidth 10-3

Buildings – special requirements, 33000sqm total

Experiments

8 experimental areas, for gamma, laser, and gamma+laser

Oscillators

+OPCPA preamps

multi-PW block

Apollon-type

Flashlamp based

400mJ/ 10Hz/ <20fs

Combined laser-gammaexperiments

Gamma/e-experiments

Multi-PWexperiments

High rep-ratelaser experiments

0.1 – 1 PW

Oscillators

+ OPCPA preamps

300J/ 0.01Hz/ <30fs

e- accelerator

Warm linac

multi-PW block

Apollon-type

Flashlamp based

Laser

DPSSL 10J/>100Hz

Gamma beam

Compton based

0.1 – 20MeV

1PW block

Ti:Sapph

Flashlamp based

1PW block

Apollon-type

Flashlamp based

1PW block

Ti:Sapph

Flashlamp based

1PW block

Apollon-type

Flashlamp based

30J/ 0.1Hz/ <30fs

ELI-NP Facility ConceptELI-NP Facility Concept

ELI-NPELI-NP

Main buildingsMain buildings

Lasers

Gamma and experiments

Laboratories

Unique architecture

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ELI – Nuclear Physics ResearchELI – Nuclear Physics Research

Nuclear Physics experiments to characterize laser – target interaction

Photonuclear reactions

Exotic Nuclear Physics and astrophysics

complementary to other NP large facilities (FAIR, SPIRAL2)

Applications based on high intensity laser and very brilliant γ beams

complementary to the other ELI pillars

ELI-NP in Romania

in ‘Nuclear Physics Long Range Plan in Europe’ as a major facility

Advances in lasers scienceAdvances in lasers science

Gerard Mourou, 1985: Chirped Pulse Amplification (CPA)

1) pushes the electrons;

2)The charge separation generates anelectrostatic longitudinal field:(Wake Fields or Snow Plough)

3) The electrostatic field:

Particle acceleration by laserParticle acceleration by laser(Tajima, Dawson 1979)

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Wake – field acceleration

Secondary

target

Target normal sheats acceleration (TNSA)

Radiation pressure acceleration (RPA)

E~Ilaser1/2

-> secondary radiations

E~ I laser

Electrons and ionsaccelerated at solid statedensities 1024 cm-3

Collimated beams wereobtained, even of the size of theincident laser beam

The energies up to hundreds ofMeV at high-power lasers(VULCAN, etc.)

Intensities may go up to 1012particles/laser pulse

Esarey, Schroeder, and Leemans

Rev. Mod. Phys., Vol. 81, No. 3, 2009

Laser intensity ~ 1019 W/cm2

Electrons Electrons

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Heavy ion beams at LULI (France)

Laser pulses:

30 J, 300 fs, 1.05 μm => 5x1019 W/cm2.

Target: 1 μm C

on rear side of 50 μm W foils

Detection: Thomson parabola spectrometers

+ CR-39 track detectors

• Protons come from surface contamination

• Heating the target the protons are removed and

heavy ions are better accelerated

Protons, heavy ions Protons, heavy ions

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•Maximum energy scales with laser beam intensity approximately as I0.5

•TNSA at work at intensities of 1019 – 1021 W/cm2

Proton acceleration Proton acceleration

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T. Lin et al., 2004, Univ. of Nebraska Digital Commons

•Plateau of proton energy with increasing foil thickness

•Graphs show results for multi-TW-class lasers

Proton acceleration Proton acceleration

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T. Lin et al., 2004, Univ. of Nebraska Digital Commons

LLNL 100fs, 1020W/cm2 (2001)

Hercules laser, Michigan, 3x1020W/cm2, 30fs

•Dependence of maximum energy function ofthe ion species

•Graphs show results for multi-TW-class lasers

Ion beam acceleration Ion beam acceleration

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Vulcan 50TW, Appleton Lab,2x1019W/cm2, thick lead target

Mylar target irradiated with a1019W/cm2 laser pulse

Compton backscattering is the most efficient « frequency amplifier »

wdiff=4ge2wlaser

Ee=300 MeV and optical laser <=> ge~ 600 => Eg > 3 MeV

but very weak cross section: 6.6524 10-25 cm2

Therefore for a powerful γ beam, one needs:

- high intensity electron beams

- very brilliant optical photon beams

- very small collision volume

- very high repetition frequency





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´



Separation

threshold

A´Y



Nuclear Resonance Fluorescence (NRF)

Photoactivation

Photodisintegration



Absorption

(-activation)

´

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Particle beamsParticle beams

E1: laser-induced nuclear reactions – multi-PW laser experiments

•protons E < 3GeV, I > 1011/pulse, div 40°, FWHM 300MeV

•electrons up to 1.5GeV, I ~ 1011/pulse, div 40°, FWHM 150MeV

E6: Intense electron and gamma beams induced by high power laser:

•electrons E < 40GeV, I < 1011/pulse, div 1°, FWHM 1MeV

E4/E5: Accelerated particle beams induced by high power laser beams (0,1/1 PW) at highrepetition rates (10/1Hz):

•Protons 100MeV, I ~ 1011 – 1013 / pulse, div 40°, FWHM 10MeV

•e- 50MeV-5GeV, I < 4*1010/pulse, div 1°-40°

•Thermal electrons, I ~ 107 / pulse, div < 3°

Secondary particlesSecondary particles

Additionally, in E7 (Experiments with combined laser and gamma beams) and E8 (Nuclearreactions induced by high energy gamma beams), secondary particles will be created

Low intensities

Photodisintegration, photo-fission (E8)

Laser focused in vacuum (E7)

Laser-accelerated particles (E1, E6, E4, E5)

Background may pose problems to particle detection

Stand-alone High Power Laser Experiments

Nuclear Techniques for Characterization of Laser-Induced Radiations

Modelling of High-Intensity Laser Interaction with Matter

Stopping Power of Charged Particles Bunches with Ultra-High Density

Laser Acceleration of very dense Electrons, Protons and Heavy Ions Beams

Laser-Accelerated Th Beam to produce Neutron-Rich Nuclei around the N =126 Waiting Point of the r-Process via the Fission-Fusion Reaction

A Relativistic Ultra-thin Electron Sheet used as a Relativistic Mirror for theProduction of Brilliant, Intense Coherent γ-Rays

 Studies of enhanced decay of 26Al in hot plasma environments

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Laser + γ /e− Beam

Probing the Pair Creation from the Vacuum in the Focus of Strong Electrical Fieldswith a High Energy γ Beam

The Real Part of the Index of Refraction of the Vacuum in High Fields: VacuumBirefringence

Cascades of e+e− Pairs and γ -Rays triggered by a Single Slow Electron in StrongFields

Compton Scattering and Radiation Reaction of a Single Electron at High Intensities

Nuclear Lifetime Measurements by Streaking Conversion Electrons with a LaserField.

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Standalone γ /e experiments for nuclear spectroscopy andastrophysics

Measuring Narrow Doorway States, embedded in Regions of High Level Density in theFirst Nuclear Minimum, which are identified by specific (γ, f), (γ, p), (γ, n) Reactions

Study of pygmy and giant dipole resonances

Gamma scattering on nuclei

Fine-structure of Photo-response above the Particle Threshold: the (γ ,α), (γ,p) and (γ ,n)

Nuclear Resonance Fluorescence on Rare Isotopes and Isomers

Neutron Capture Cross Section of s-Process Branching Nuclei with Inverse Reactions

Measurements of (γ, p) and (γ, α) Reaction Cross Sections for p-ProcessNucleosynthesis

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Applications

Laser produced charged particle beams may become an attractivealternative for large scale conventional facilities

Laser-driven betatron radiation - gamma beams

High Resolution, high Intensity X-Ray Beam

Intense Brilliant Positron-Source: 107e+/[s(mm mrad)2 0.1%BW]

Radioscopy and Tomography

Materials research in high intensity radiation fields

Applications of Nuclear Resonance Fluorescence

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Nuclear Resonance FluorescenceNuclear Resonance Fluorescence

ApplicationsApplications

• Management of Sensitive Nuclear Materials and Radioactive waste

- isotope-specific identification 238U/235U , 239Pu,

- scan containers for nuclear material and explosives

• Burn-up of nuclear fuel rods

- fuel elements are frequently changed in position to obtain ahomogeneous burn-up

- measuring the final 235U, 238U content may allow to use fuel elements20% longer

- more nuclear energy without additional radioactive waste

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Radioisotopes for medical useRadioisotopes for medical use

• Ageing nuclear reactors that currently produce medical radioisotopes, growing demand– shortages very likely in the future

• New approaches and methods for producing radioisotopes urgently needed

• Feasibility of producing a viable and reliable source of photo fission / photo nuclear-induced Mo-99 and other medical isotopes used globally for diagnostic medical imagingand radiotherapy is sought

• Producing of medical radioisotopes via the (γ, n) reactions

e.g. 100Mo(γ, n) 99Mo

• 195mPt: In chemotherapy of tumors it can be used to label platinum cytotoxic compoundsfor pharmacokinetic studies in order to exclude ”nonresponding” patients fromunnecessary chemotherapy and optimizing the dose of all chemotherapy

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Materials Science and EngineeringMaterials Science and Engineering

• Due to the extreme fields intensity provided by the combination of laser and gamma-raybeams, novel experimental studies of material behavior can be devised

• to understand, at the atomic scale, the behavior of materials subject to extreme radiationdoses and mechanical stress in order to synthesize new materials that can tolerate suchconditions

• Extremely BRIlliant Neutron-Source produced via the (γ ,n) Reaction without Moderation

• The structure and sometimes dynamics investigations by thermal neutrons scattering areamong the obligatory requirements in production of the new materials

• An Intense BRIlliant Positron-Source produced via the (γ, e+e−) Reaction (BRIP) –polarized positron beam – microscopy

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Astrophysics – related studiesAstrophysics – related studies

• Production of heavy elements in the Universe – a central question for Astrophysics

• Neutron Capture Cross Section of s-Process Branching Nuclei with Inverse Reactions

• the single studies on long-lived branching points (e.g. 147Pm, 151Sm, 155Eu) showed that therecommended values of neutron capture cross sections in the models differ by up to 50% from theexperimentally determined values

• the inverse (γ,n) reaction could be used to decide for the most suitable parameter set and topredict a more reliable neutron capture cross section using these input values

• Measurements of (γ, p) and (γ, α) Reaction Cross Sections for p-Process Nucleosynthesis

• determination of the reaction rates by an absolute cross section measurement is possible usingmonoenergetic photon beams produced at ELI-NP

• tremendous advance to measure these rates directly

• broad database of reactions – high intense γ beam needed

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