COMPETENCE MAPING
2
3
Mendiagnosis permasalahanpengoperasian PC yangtersambung jaringangnosis
Melakukan perbaikan dan/ atausetting ulang koneksi jaringan
an
Melakukan instalasi sistem operasijaringan berbasis GUI (Graphical UserInterface) dan Text
Melakukan instalasi perangkatjaringan berbasis luas (Wide AreaNetwork)
Mendiagnosis permasalahan perangkatyang tersambung jaringan berbasisluas (Wide Area Network)
Membuat desain sistemkeamanan jaringan
Mendiagnosis permasalahanpengoperasian PC danperiferal
Melakukan perbaikan dan/atau setting ulang sistem PC
Melakukan perbaikan periferal
Melakukan instalasi software
Melakukan perawatan PC
Melakukan instalasi sistem operasiberbasis graphical user interface (GUI)dan command line interface (CLI)
Melakukan instalasi perangkatjaringan lokal (Local AreaNetwork)
Menerapkan teknik elektronikaanalog dan digital dasar
Menerapkan fungsiperipheral dan instalasi PC
Melakukan perbaikan dan/ atau settingulang koneksi jaringan berbasis luas(Wide Area Network)
Mengadministrasi serverdalam jaringan
Merancang bangun danmenganalisa Wide AreaNetwork
Merancang web data baseuntuk content server
Lulus
Melakukan instalasisistem operasi dasar
Menerapkan K 3 LH
Merakit PersonalKomputer
Dasar Kejuruan
Level I ( Kelas X )
Level II ( Kelas XI )
Level III ( Kelas XII )
1
Klik Disini
Definition
Voltage, current, power, and resistance areelectronic terms that a computer technician mustknow:
Voltage is a measure of the force required to pushelectrons through a circuit.
Voltage is measured in volts (V). A computer powersupply usually produces several different voltages.
Current is a measure of the amount of electrons goingthrough a circuit.
Current is measured in amperes, or amps (A).Computer power supplies deliver different amperagesfor each output voltage.
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Definition
•Power is a measure of the pressure required to pushelectrons through a circuit, called voltage, multiplied bythe number of electrons going through that circuit, calledcurrent. The measurement is called watts (W). Computerpower supplies are rated in watts.
•Resistance is the opposition to the flow of current in acircuit. Resistance is measured in ohms. Lowerresistance allows more current, and therefore morepower, to flow through a circuit. A good fuse will havelow resistance or a measurement of almost 0 ohms.
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Ohm's Law
•There is a basic equation that expresses how three ofthe terms relate to each other. It states that voltage isequal to the current multiplied by the resistance. This isknown as Ohm's Law.
V = IR
•In an electrical system, power (P) is equal to the voltagemultiplied by the current.
P = VI
•In an electrical circuit, increasing the current or thevoltage will result in higher power.
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•As an example of how this works, imagine a simplecircuit that has a 9 V light bulb hooked up to a 9-Vbattery. The power output of the light bulb is 100-W.Using the equation above, we can calculate how muchcurrent in amps would be required to get 100-W out ofthis 9-V bulb.
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To solve this equation, we know thefollowing information:
P = 100 W
V = 9 V
I = 100 W/9 V = 11.11 A
What happens if a 12-V battery and a 12-V light bulb
are used to get 100 W of power?
100 W / 12 V = 8.33 amps
This system produces the same power, but with lesscurrent.
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Application to computer
•Computers normally use power supplies rangingfrom 200-W to 500-W. However, some computersmay need 500-W to 800-W power supplies. Whenbuilding a computer, select a power supply withsufficient wattage to power all of the components.Obtain the wattage information for the componentsfrom the manufacturer's documentation. Whendeciding on a power supply, make sure to choose apower supply that has more than enough power forthe current components.
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Introduction to Electronic Components
Resistor
In the market there are different types of resistor,can be grouped into two types namely fixed resistor isthe resistor value tahanannya still there and candiaturatur with hand, there is also a change in the valueof automatic tahanannya regulated by light or bytemperature.Resistansi usually written with the resistor colorcode in the roundabout or budaran can also colorbracelet. The unit used is the Ohm (Ω). Unless the sizeof the resistansi, a resistor marked with toleransinya,color bracelet also be written after the signing resistan
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•Variable resistor (VR)
Resistansi value of this type of resistor can beadjusted by hand, if the settings can be made at anytime by the service (the button is) called potensiometerand when done with the screwdriver trimmer calledpotensiometer (trimpot). Potensiometer in custody canbe made from carbon material and have also made ofwire coil called potensiometer wirewound. For use in ahigh voltage is usually preferred wirewound type.
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Variable resistor (VR)
•Resistor and resistor temperature Peka PekaLights
Resistansi depending on the value of the thermistortemperature. There are two types of the NTC (negativetemperature coefficient) and PTC (positive temperaturecoefficient). NTC resistansinya small when hot and thecold gets worse. On the PTC resistance when cold and asmall increase when the summer.There is another type of resistor is LDR (LightDepending resistor), which depends on the valueresistansinya ray / light.
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Capacitor (condenser)
Capacitors can save loads of electricity, canfrequently reverse voltage (AC) will hold but the DCvoltage, measure the amount of power expressed in theFARAD (F). In radio, capacitors are used to:
1.Menyimpan load electricity
2.Mengatur frequency
3.Sebagai tool coupling
4.Sebagai filter (connective)
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Capacitor (condenser)
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Various kinds of capacitors used in radio, which hasa positive and negative poles is called polar. There are alsonot having pole, normally in a non-polar. Condenser or elcoand electrolyte tantalum condenser is polar. Condenser witha solid dialectric usually non polar, for example, ceramics,milar, silver mica, MKS (polysterene), MKP (Polypropylene),MKC (polycarbonate), mkt (polythereftalate) and MKL(cellulose acetate).
• Variable capacitors (VARCO)
Kapasitansi value of this type of condenser can beadjusted by hand, if the settings can be made at anytime by the service (there is the key) is called thevariable capacitor (VARCO) and when the setting isdone with a screwdriver called trimmer capacitors.
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Variable capacitors (VARCO)
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Transformer (transformer)
•Integrated Circuit
Integrated Circuit (IC) is actually a series ofelectronic packed into one small package. Some of thebig series can be integrated into one, and packed in asmall package. IC is a small load can be even hundredsof thousands of components.
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Integrated Circuit
Math for a Digital Age
A. Measurement-related terminology
When working in the computer industry, it is importantto understand the terms that are used. Whether readingthe specifications about a computer system, or talking withanother computer technician, there is a rather largedictionary of terms that should be known. The technicianneeds to know the following terminology:
bit – The smallest unit of data in a computer. A bit can take thevalue of either one or zero. A bit is the binary format in which datais processed by computers.
byte – A unit of measure that is used to describe the size of a datafile, the amount of space on a disk or other storage medium, or theamount of data being sent over a network. One byte consists ofeight bits of data.
nibble – Half a byte or four bits.
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kilobyte (KB) – 1024, or approximately 1000, bytes.
kilobytes per second (kBps) – A measurement ofthe amount of data that is transferred over aconnection such as a network connection. kBps is adata transfer rate of approximately 1,000 bytes persecond.
kilobit (Kb) – 1024, or approximately 1000, bits.
kilobits per second (kbps) – A measurement of theamount of data transferred over a connection such asa network connection. kbps is a data transfer rate ofapproximately 1,000 bits per second.
megabyte (MB) – 1,048,576 bytes, or approximately1,000,000 bytes.
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megabytes per second (MBps) – A commonmeasurement of the amount of data transferred overa connection such as a network connection. MBps isa data transfer rate of approximately 1,000,000 bytesor 106 kilobytes per second.
megabits per second (Mbps) – A commonmeasurement of the amount of data transferred overa connection such as a network connection. Mbps isa data transfer rate of approximately 1,000,000 bits or106 kilobits per second.
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•Note:
A common error is confusing KB with Kb and MB with Mb. Acapital B indicates bytes while a lower case b indicates bits.Similarly, multipliers greater than one are capitalized andmultipliers less than one are lower case.
For example, M=1,000,000 and m=0.001. Remember to do theproper calculations when comparing transmission speeds thatare measured in KB with those measured in Kb.
For example, modem software usually shows the connectionspeed in kilobits per second, such as 45 kbps. However,prominent browsers display file-download speeds in kilobytesper second. Therefore, the download speed with a 45-kbpsconnection would be a maximum of 5.76-kBps.
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In actual practice, the download speed of a dialupconnection cannot reach 45 kbps because of otherfactors that consume bandwidth at the same time as thedownload. The technician needs to know the followingterminology:
hertz (Hz) – A unit of frequency measurement. It isthe rate of change in the state, or cycle, in a soundwave, alternating current, or other cyclical waveform.Hertz is synonymous with cycles per second, and it isused to describe the speed of a computermicroprocessor.
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megahertz (MHz) – One million cycles per second.This is a common measurement of the speed of aprocessing chip.
gigahertz (GHz) – One billion cycles per second.This is a common measurement of the speed of aprocessing chip.
Note: PC processors are becoming faster all thetime. The microprocessors used on PCs in the1980s typically ran under 10 MHz, and theoriginal IBM PC was 4.77 MHz. In the start of the year2000, PC processors approached the speed of 1 GHz,and approached 3.0 GHz as of the year 2002.
Digital signal
The variables that characterize digital systems onlyoccupy a fixed number of discrete values. In binaryarithmetic, as used in computers, only two values areallowed. These values are 0 and 1. Computers andcable modems are examples of digital devices. Figure 2shows a diagram of a digital signal.
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B. Boolean logic gates
Computers are built from various types of electroniccircuits.
These circuits depend on what are called AND, OR,NOT, and NOR logic gates. These gates arecharacterized by how they respond to input signals.Figures , and show logic gates with two inputs. The ”x”and ”y” represent inputs, and the ”f” represents output.Think of 0 (zero) as representing “off” and 1 asrepresenting “on”.
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There are only three primary logic functions. They are AND,OR, and NOT:
AND gate – If either input is off, the output is off.
OR gate – If either input is on, the output is on.
NOT gate – If the input is on, the output is off. Thesame is true of the opposite.
The NOR gate is a combination of the OR and NOT gatesand should not be presented as a primary gate. A NOR gateacts if either input is on, the output is off.
The “truth tables” in Figure represent these statements ina compact form. Other logic gate combinations or extensionssuch as XOR, NAND.
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Digital Age System
Decimal and binary number systems
The decimal, or Base 10, number system is used everyday for doing math such as counting change, measuring,telling time, and so on. The decimal number system usesten digits including 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9.
The binary, or Base 2, number system uses two digits toexpress all numerical quantities. The only digits used inthe binary number system are 0 and 1. An example of abinary number is 1001110101000110100101.
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•The binary, or Base 2, number system uses two digits toexpress all numerical quantities. The only digits used inthe binary number system are 0 and 1. An example of abinary number is 1001110101000110100101.
•It is important to remember the role of the digit 0. Everynumber system uses the digit 0. However, note thatwhenever the digit 0 appears on the left side of a stringof digits, it can be removed without changing the stringvalue. For example, in Base 10, 02947 is equal to 2947.In Base 2, 0001001101 is equal to 1001101. Sometimespeople include 0s on the left side of a number toemphasize “places” that would otherwise not berepresented.
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•Another important concept when working with binarynumbers is the powers of numbers. The numbers 20 and23 are examples of numbers represented by powers.These examples are spoken as “two to the zero” and“two to the third”. The power is the number of times thata value must be multiplied by itself. For example, 20 = 1,21 = 2, 22 = 2 x 2 = 4, 23= 2 x 2 x 2 = 8. Taking powers iscommonly confused with simple multiplication Forexample, 24 is not equal to 2 x 4 = 8. However, 24 isequal to 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 = 16.
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•In Base 10, powers of ten are used. For example, 23605 inBase 10 means 2 x 10,000 + 3 x 1000 + 6 x 100 + 0 x 10 + 5x 1.
•Note that 100 = 1, 101= 10, 102= 100, 103= 1000, and 104 =10,000.
•Caution: Although 0 x 10 = 0, do not leave it out of the aboveequation. If it is left out, the base 10 places all shift to the rightand result in the number 2,365 = 2 x 1,000 + 3 x 100 + 6 x 10+ 5 x 1 instead of 23,605. A 0 within a number should neverbe ignored. However, the value of a number is not affected byadding zeros onto the beginning, or by ignoring zeros that areon the beginning of the number. For example, 23,605 can beexpressed as 0023605.
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Decimal to binary conversion
•More than one method exists to convert binary numbers.One method is explored here. However, the studentshould feel free to use another method if it is easier. Toconvert a decimal number to binary, first find the largestpower of picture that will “fit” into the decimal number
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Example
•Use the table in Figure1 to convertthe decimal number 35 into binary:
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• 26, or 64, is larger than 35. Place a 0 in that column.
• 25, or 32, is smaller than 35. Place a 1 in that column. Calculate how much is leftover by subtracting 32 from 35. The result is 3.
• 24, or 16, is larger than 3. Place a 0 in that column.
• 23, or 8, is larger than 3. Place a 0 in that column.
• 22, or 4, is larger than 3. Place a 0 in that column.
• 21, or 2, is smaller than 3. Place a 1 in that column. Subtract 2 from 3. The resultis 1.
• 20, or 1, is equal to 1. Place a 1 in that column
Example
•Use the table in Figure1 to convertthe decimal number 35 into binary:
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• 26, or 64, is larger than 35. Place a 0 in that column.
• 25, or 32, is smaller than 35. Place a 1 in that column. Calculate how much is leftover by subtracting 32 from 35. The result is 3.
• 24, or 16, is larger than 3. Place a 0 in that column.
• 23, or 8, is larger than 3. Place a 0 in that column.
• 22, or 4, is larger than 3. Place a 0 in that column.
• 21, or 2, is smaller than 3. Place a 1 in that column. Subtract 2 from 3. The resultis 1.
• 20, or 1, is equal to 1. Place a 1 in that column
The hexadecimal number system
•The Base 16, or hexadecimal, number system is usedfrequently when working with computers because it canbe used to represent binary numbers in a more readableform. The computer performs computations in binary.
•However, there are several instances when a computerbinary output is expressed in hexadecimal to make iteasier to read. One way for computers and software toexpress hexadecimal output is using “0x” in front of thehexadecimal number. Whenever “0x” is used, thenumber that follows is a hexadecimal number. Forexample, 0x1234 means 1234 in Base 16. This wouldtypically be found in a router configuration register.
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Binary to hexadecimal conversion
•Binary to hexadecimal conversion is uncomplicated forthe most part. First observe that 1111 in binary is F inhexadecimal as shown in Figure . Also, 11111111 inbinary is FF in hexadecimal. One useful fact whenworking with these two number systems is that onehexadecimal character requires 4 bits, or 4 binary digits,to be represented in binary.
•To convert a binary number to hexadecimal, first dividethe number into groups of four bits at a time, startingfrom the right. Then convert each group of four bits intohexadecimal. This method will produce a hexadecimalequivalent to the original binary number.
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For example
•Consider the binary number 11110111001100010000.Breaking it down into groups of four bits to produce 11110111 0011 0001 0000. This binary number is equivalentto F7310 in hexadecimal, which is a much easier numberto read.
•As another example, the binary number 111101 isgrouped as 11 1101. Because the first group does notcontain 4 bits, it must be “padded” with 0s to produce0011 1101. Therefore, the hexadecimal equivalent is 3D.
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Hexadecimal to binary conversion
•Use the reverse method of the previous section toconvert numbers from hexadecimal to binary. Converteach individual hexadecimal digit to binary, and thenstring together the solution. However, be careful to padeach binary representation with zeros to fill up fourbinary places for each hexadecimal digit. For example,consider the hexadecimal number FE27. F is 1111, E is1110, 2 is 10 or 0010, and 7 is 0111. Therefore, theanswer in binary is 1111 1110 0010 0111, or1111111000100111.
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Converting to any base
•Most people already know how to do many numberconversions. For example, convert inches to yards. Firstdivide the number of inches by 12 to determine thenumber of feet. The remainder is the number of inchesleft. Next divide the number of feet by 3 to determine thenumber of yards. The remainder is the number of feetleft. These same techniques are used for convertingnumbers to other bases.
•Consider that decimal is the normal base and octal,Base 8, is the foreign base. To convert from decimal tooctal, divide by 8 successively and record theremainders starting from the least significant remainder.
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Example
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• 2 x 8 = 16 16 + 3 = 19 19 x 8 = 152 152 + 2 = 154 154 x 8 = 1232 1232 + 2 = 1234
• The same results in the reverse conversions can beachieved by using numerical powers.
• 2 x 83 + 3 x 82 + 2 x 81 + 2 x 80 = 1024 + 192 + 16 + 2 =1234.
• Note: Any number raised to the power of zero is one.
Using Numerical Powers to Convert
•Similar techniques can be used to convert to and fromany base, simply by dividing or multiplying by the foreignbase.
•However, binary is unique because odd and even can beused to determine ones and zeros without recording theremainders. Determine the binary equivalent of 1234 indecimal simply by dividing it by 2 successively. If theresult is even, the bit associated with it is 0. If the resultis odd, the binary digit associated with it is 1.
Module1
Electronica analog and Digital system
•1234 is even. Record a 0 in the least significant position, 0.1234/2 = 617 is odd. Record a 1 in the next most significant position,10.617/2 = 308 is even, 010308/2 = 154 is even, 0010154/2 = 77 is odd, 1001077/2 = 38 is even, 01001038/2 = 19 is odd, 101001019/2 = 9 is odd, 110100109/2 = 4 is even, 0110100104/2 = 2 is even, 00110100102/2 = 1 is odd, 10011010010
Module1
Electronica analog and Digital system
With practice, the running dividend can be mastered and thebinary can be written quickly.
Note that just as a hexadecimal digit is a group of four bits, octalis a group of three digits. Group the above number into groups ofthree, starting at the right.
010 011 010 010 = 2322 octal
For hexadecimal, group the binary number by four bits startingfrom the right.
0100 1101 0010 = 4D2 hexadecimal or 0x4D2
This is a quick and easy method to convert to any base.
Module1
Electronica analog and Digital system
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•The student should understand computer terminologyand know the difference between a byte, kilobyte, and amegabyte. The student should understand howfrequency is measured and the difference between Hz,MHz, and GHz.
•The student should use the most effective method ofconverting number systems including binary to decimaland back again, binary to hexadecimal and back again.The student should be able to identify the places inbinary and decimal numbers and know the value ofeach.
Module1
Electronica analog and Digital system