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•Fascists:•Fascists:
–Followers of a political philosophy that preachedthat the nation and the race were more importantthan the individual. (Even if that meantkilling/death of those who disagree)
•Totalitarian:--(Can also be a fascist)•Totalitarian:--(Can also be a fascist)
–A dictator who was completely controlling of allaspects of life.
–Examples: Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler
WWII Background“The rise of leaders:”
•Benito Mussolini: (nicknamed II Duce)--Leader•Benito Mussolini: (nicknamed II Duce)--Leader
–Fascist dictator from Italy.
–A wounded Italian veteran from WWI
–He was unhappy with Italy’s stance to try to remainneutral during WWI and he felt this was not the way tolead a country. (Italy was a socialist country duringWWI)
–He preached order and efficiency and promised Italyto rule over the Mediterranean world.
WWII Background“The rise of leaders:”
•Benito Mussolini:•Benito Mussolini:
–His followers were fascists.
•They threatened opposing political views to get peopleto join their group.
•He used legal and “brutal” means to make Italy a 1party country with him as the leader.
–Under his reign, Italy trains ran on time andbuildings were built, he was efficient.
–He also was a conqueror.
–1936 he conquered the country of Ethiopia.
WWII Background“The rise of leaders:”
•Adolf Hitler:•Adolf Hitler:
–Similar views to Mussolini
Nazi Party–He took the “workers party” and banded themtogether and formed the National Socialist GermanWorkers Party……later named the Nazi Party
–Hitler claimed that Germany had too many socialclasses.
•(Meaning too much of a difference between the rich andpoor)
–He was going to eliminate these class differences andmake all German’s strong and united.
WWII Background“The rise of leaders:”
•Adolf Hitler:•Adolf Hitler:
–Hitler blamed the loss and economic problems ofGermany from WWI on the Jews and anyone whowasn’t part of the Aryan race. (Blonde, blue eyed,and German).
–1 Day Hitler Research (Prior to 1939).
WWII Background“The rise of leaders:”
•Adolf Hitler:•Adolf Hitler:
–1929 depression hit Germany.
–Hitler promised to rebuild Germany and thisappealed to the people.
–He denounced the Treaty of Versailles (SayingGermany would no longer follow it)
–1932 German elections, Nazi party becomes themost powerful party in Germany.
–1933 Hitler becomes chancellor of Germany.
• (Head of Government…similar to Prime Minister)
WWII Background“The rise of leaders:”
•Adolf Hitler:•Adolf Hitler:
–1933 he persuades the German president tosuspend German civil rights.
–1 month later, Hitler convinces the Reichstag(German’s government) to allow Hitler to makelaws by himself.
–1934 Hitler demands members of Germany’smilitary swear allegiance to himself as a personrather than Germany as a country.
WWII Background“The rise of leaders:”
•Adolf Hitler:•Adolf Hitler:
–August 1934 the German president Paul vonHindenburg dies
–Hitler then abolishes the office of President inGermany.
•He never wanted to be called President out of respect forHindenburg
Führer:–He then declares himself Führer:
•Führer:•Führer:
–Means leader of his party (Nazi) and the head of Government orthe Reich (Reichstag)
–This means he was now the totalitarian dictator
WWII Background“The rise of leaders:”
•Adolf Hitler:•Adolf Hitler:
–Upon his renouncing the Treaty of Versailles hesends armed troops into Germany’s Rhineland(border of France)
•1936, Mussolini and Hitler team up to helpSpain’s fascist leader Francisco Franco markingthe 1st Mussolini and Hitler alliance.
–(Later known as the Axis Powers)
–This is the start of the Axis powers march andHitler’s world domination plan.
WWII Background
•March 1938 Hitler annexed Austria by way offorce (Tanks and troops)
•September 1938 Hitler takes the southernportion of Czechoslovakia
–Stating it was to unify the German people livingthere under the German rule.
Appeasement”—•Britain and France’s response was“Appeasement”—Giving into Hitler’sdemands/actions in an attempt to avoid war.
WWII Background
•Munich Pact:
–September 1938:
–Meeting between Britain, France and Hitler.(USA’s President_________) Supported this too.
–Agreement stating Britain and France wouldn’toppose Hitler’s taking of Czechoslovakia if Hitlerpromised not to take all of Czechoslovakia andHitler agreed. He (Hitler) also promised he didn’thave any other plans to take other parts ofEurope.
•He lied
WWII Background
•February 1939 Hitler takes the rest ofCzechoslovakia.
•August 1939, Hitler signs a “Non-Aggressive”Pact with the Soviet Union.
–This stated that Germany wouldn’t attack theSoviet Union and the Soviet Union wouldn’t attackGermany.
–This freed up Hitler to pursue his domination overthe rest of Europe without fear of Sovietintervention.
WWII Background
•September 1st 1939 Hitler sends tanks intoPoland and his Air force (The Luftwaffe) toovertake Poland.
•Blitzkrieg:•Blitzkrieg:
–German term for all out war, ground, and airattacks.
•September 4th 1939 Great Britain and FranceDeclare war on Germany.•September 4th 1939 Great Britain and FranceDeclare war on Germany.
–Appeasement no longer worked.
WWII Background
•Read Page 496-498 Rise of Militarism
•(Japan and Asia’s involvement prior to 1941.)
•Take your own “BRIEF” notes on the subject.
WW II
•April 1940 Hitlerinvades and conquersDenmark & Norway.
•Weeks later Germanyinvades Belgium, theNetherlands, andLuxembourg.
WW II
•June 13th 1940 French leaders realized that aGerman assault on Paris would be devastatingto the French so the French met with theGerman leaders and agreed to voluntary handover Paris.
•June 14th German troops march into a veryempty Paris.
WW II
•June 22nd 1940, France surrenders to Hitler.
•Hitler then turns his attention to Britain.
•Britain’s air force was much more preparedand efficient. They shot down many Germanplanes. Hitler then decided to bomb Londonat night.
–Winston Churchill (Britain’s Prime Minister)pleaded America for help.
WW II
•U.S.A. and FDR had to respond.
•There were 2 thoughts about the War inEurope among Americans.
–Interventionism: –Interventionism: Sending as much support toBritain as possible without declaring war onGermany.
–Isolationism: –Isolationism: Staying completely out of the warand being neutral.
WW II
•FDR decided on a course of action in 1940 andearly 1941.
•He sold/gave 50 outdated/old Americandestroyers to Britain.
–Britain in exchange gave the US the rights toestablish military bases in Newfoundland,Bermuda, and Guyana. (All British territories)
•September 16th 1940, FDR signs the SelectiveTraining and Service Act.
WW II
•Selective Training and Service Act: (1940)
–1st peacetime draft in American History
–Required all males ages 18-35 to register for the draft.
•Once the USA officially entered WWII they changed theregistration to ages 18-65. (Although 18-45 were onlysubject to military service)--- Explain.
–Your draft service was supposed to be for 12 monthsonly. Later it was lengthened.
–Many soldiers painted the letters O H I O on theirbarrack walls. (Over the Hill In October) meaning atthe end of their 12 month stint they were deserting.
•All of this was prior to Pearl Harbor
WW II
•1940 Presidential Election:
•FDR (D) vs. Wendell Willkie (R)
•FDR wins in another landslide marking the 1st(and only) time someone has been elected tothe Presidency 3x.
•FDR’s campaign stance was “This country isNOT going to war”
–1 year later we have no choice.
WW II
•Lend-Lease Bill: (March 1941)•Lend-Lease Bill: (March 1941)
–Pushed for by FDR.
–Stated that the USA would Lend or Lease militaryequipment to Britain to help them fight the war.
–Said it was in our best interest to do so to preventus from having to actually GO to war.
–80% of the US population agreed.
–Over $ 50 Billion went to Britain under this Bill.
–We were at war with Germany (economically)
WW II
•Germany’s response to the Lend-Lease programwas they sank American and British supply shipsin the Atlantic Ocean.
•FDR then authorized American Warships to“escort” these British supply ships.
•September 4th 1941 Germany then fired upon theUSS Greer, (American destroyer).
–Known as the “Greer Incident”
–FDR ordered the Navy to shoot all Axis vessels onsight!
WW II
•October 1941:
–German U-Boats torpedo’s the USS Kearny andthe USS Ruben James.
•U.S. still didn’t go to war yet.
–Previously in June 1941, Germany launches anattack against the Soviet Union, (Breaking the_____________)
–USA extends the Lend-Lease agreement to theSoviets.
•The attack on the Soviets helped ease the war againstthe British.
WW II
•Tripartite Pact:
–September 27th, 1940
–Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, Imperial Japan sign apact to join forces.
–It was to last for 10 years
–Strengthened the Axis powers
–Read page 504-505 Japanese Threat
Increases
–Read pages 506-508 “Pearl Harbor”
WW II
•Dec 8th 1941, the USA Declares War againstJapan. (3 days later Germany and Italy do aswell)
WW II
U.S.A. Involvement
•Over 15 million American Men served in WWII
•The U.S. Military was NOT desegregated.
“Code-Talkers” •Native American soldiers were known as “Code-Talkers” we utilized their Navajo language incoded messages.
WW II
•Battle of Stalingrad: (Russia)•Battle of Stalingrad: (Russia)
–1942-1943
–Lasted 5 months
–Germany ended up losing this battle. (very cold)
–Soviets had to basically fight the Germans alone.
•Stalin never forgot this
–This halted the German advancement East.
WW IIU.S.A. & Allies Involvement
•North Africa: 1943•North Africa: 1943
–USA and British fight in Morocco and Algeria
–Allies are victorious.
–Stops Hitler’s expansion south.
–Military bases are established here.
•Sicily (Italy): 1943•Sicily (Italy): 1943
–Allies invade
–September 8th 1943 Italy submits it’sunconditional surrender to the Allies.
WW IIU.S.A. & Allies Involvement
•Germany refused to give up Italy.
•June 4th 1944, Rome was finally freed fromGerman control.
Operation Overlord:Operation Overlord:
•Commonly called D-Day
•June 6th 1944
•Normandy, France (Omaha Beach)
•American General Dwight D. Eisenhower was oneof the leaders of this offensive.
WW IIU.S.A. & Allies Involvement
Operation Overlord----D-DayOperation Overlord----D-Day
•175,000 allied forces came ashore inNormandy, France. (Almost 4000killed/wounded)
•This would be the beginning of the end forGerman occupation of France.
WW IIU.S.A. & Allies Involvement
•August 25th 1944 Americans & French troopsliberated Paris (freed it from German control)
•Soon Luxembourg, Belgium, and all of Francewere back under Allied control.
•Hitler was reeling backwards. (Losing groundand losing the war)
WW IIU.S.A. & Allies Involvement
Battle of the BulgeBattle of the Bulge
•December 16th 1944 to January 25th 1945
•Took place mostly in the Ardennes Forrest ofBelgium.
•Hitler’s final offensive battle.
goal•Germany’s goal was to split the American andBritish forces in half and capture Antwerp andthen circle around and surround the remainingarmies and secure a surrender treaty with theAllies to focus more on the Eastern Front.
WW IIU.S.A. & Allies Involvement
Battle of the BulgeBattle of the Bulge
•The German attack caught the Allies bysurprise.
–Very little radio contact about this plan
–Germany equipment and men were moved atnight
–Germany launched the attack during poorweather which grounded our superior air forceattack. (We were caught way off guard)
WW IIU.S.A. & Allies Involvement
Battle of the BulgeBattle of the Bulge
•The northern border was different.
–Germans had planned on 2 main towns with accessroads for supplies to maintain their offensive. (Weblocked those 2 roads)
–U.S. General George S. Patton came in with the 3rdArmy to help reinforce the situation.
–Planes were now able to fly.
•Germany was in trouble now.
–January 25th 1945 the final German armies pulledback.
WW IIU.S.A. & Allies Involvement
Battle of the BulgeBattle of the Bulge
•Over 1 million men fought in this battle (total)
•Just over 500,000 Americans
•Casualty estimates from the battle vary widely.
–American casualties are listed between 70,000-81,000
–British approximately 1,400
–German casualties at between 60,000 and 105,000.
–More than 100,000 German soldiers were takenprisoner.
–In addition, 800 tanks were lost on each side, andmore than 1,000 German aircraft were destroyed.
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WW IIGermany’s End in Sight
•Soviets start to push the Nazi’s west backtoward Germany in 1944.
–Soviets pushed the Nazi’s out of Austria andCzechoslovakia.
•They also did this to flex the Soviet muscles from anyAllies (France/USA/Britain) from attempting to controlthose areas.
•Soviets retook Poland and the US Came upfrom Italy and Western France.
WW IIGermany’s End in Sight
•April 12th 1945 FDR dies in office. Harry S.Truman takes over the Presidency.
•April 16th-20th The Soviets had surrounded Berlin.
–Battle of Berlin reading
•April 30th Hitler commits suicide.
•May 7th 1945, Germany unconditionallysurrenders to the Allied forces.•May 7th 1945, Germany unconditionallysurrenders to the Allied forces.
WWII Asian Theater
•Read Page 513-515 on The Asian Theater
–Take your own notes on this aspect
•Read Page 516-519 on Dropping the AtomicBomb
–Take your own notes on this reading
•Pass out the 2 reading of Dropping of bombson Hiroshima and Nagasaki (possibly after the worksheet is collected)
USA Running Japan
•As part of the Japan Surrender Treaty signed on the USSMissouri, Japan came under allied control.
Dwight Eisenhower as supreme controller of the alliedoccupational powers controlled Japan during the occupation forapproximately 8 months!
Soviets, Poland, and Czechoslovakia opposed this plan andrefused to sign the treaty
April 28th 1952 US officially ended the war with Japan and ALSOended the US Occupation of Japan