Slide 1

1.The practice of closing your mouth when youchew is an example of….?

2.One of the most consistently damagingteratogens is…?

Please write down the question & leave room for your answers.

DMA

Review for Final Exam

Chapters 3 & 4

Homework:

Final Exam – Friday, Feb. 3rd

Quiz on chap 1, 2, 3 & 4 – tomorrow

Quiz on chap. 5, 6,7 & 8 – Monday, Jan. 30th

Quiz on Chap 9, 10, 11 & Prologue – Wednesday, Feb. 1st

How do we reinforce male/female gender roles in children?

Discuss with a neighbor…

What does gender identity mean?

Gender Role

a set of expected behaviors for males andfemales

Gender Identity

one’s sense of being male or female

Gender-typing

the acquisition of a traditional masculine orfeminine role

Discuss with a neighbor

Which type of twins are the most alike?How do genetics affect this? How does environment affect this?

Identical Twins

develop from a singlefertilized egg

that splits in two, creating twogenetically identical organisms

Fraternal Twins

develop from separate eggs

genetically no closer thanbrothers and sisters,

but they share the fetalenvironment

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Identical

twins

Fraternal

twins

Same

sex only

Same or

opposite sex

Natural Selection

the principle that, among the range of inheritedtrait variations,

those that lead to increased reproduction and survival

will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations

Mutations

random errors in gene replication that lead to achange in the sequence of nucleotides

the source of all genetic diversity

Temperament

a person’s characteristic emotionalreactivity and intensity

Heritability

the proportion of variation amongindividuals that we can attribute to genes

may vary, depending on the range ofpopulations and environments studied

With a neighbor…

Experience affects brain development

Impoverished

environment

Rat brain

cell

Rat brain

cell

Enriched

environment

Teratogens

agents (such as chemicals and viruses)

can reach the embryo or fetus during prenataldevelopment and cause harm

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)

physical and cognitive abnormalities in children

caused by a pregnant woman’s heavy drinking

symptoms include misproportioned head

Found within:

Brain cells

Sperms cells

Bone cells

Blood cells

At birth you have very few neural connections….what does this lead to?

Primary Sex Characteristics

body structures that make sexual reproduction possible

ovaries--female

testes--male

external genitalia

Secondary Sex Characteristics

nonreproductive sexual characteristics

female--breast and hips

male--voice quality and body hair

Typical Age

Range

Description

of Stage

Developmental

Phenomena

Birth to nearly 2 years

Sensorimotor

Experiencing the world through

senses and actions (looking,

touching, mouthing)

•Object permanence

•Stranger anxiety

About 2 to 6 years

About 7 to 11 years

About 12 through

adulthood

Preoperational

Representing things

with words and images

but lacking logical reasoning

•Pretend play

•Egocentrism

•Language development

Concrete operational

Thinking logically about concrete

events; grasping concrete analogies

and performing arithmetical operations

•Conservation

•Mathematicaltransformations

Formal operational

Abstract reasoning

•Abstract logic

•Potential formoral reasoning

Harlow’s SurrogateMother Experiments

Monkeys preferredcontact with thecomfortable clothmother, even whilefeeding from thenourishing wire mother

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Monkeys raisedby artificialmothers wereterror-strickenwhen placed instrangesituationswithout theirsurrogatemothers.

Insecurelyattached

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What are your parent’s child rearing practices?

Authoritarian

parents impose rules and expect obedience

“Don’t interrupt.” “Why? Because I said so.”

Permissive

submit to children’s desires, make few demands,use little punishment

Authoritative

both demanding and responsive

set rules, but explain reasons and encourageopen discussion

As moraldevelopmentprogresses, thefocus of concernmoves from theself to the widersocial world.

Morality of abstract

principles: to affirm

agreed-upon rights and

personal ethical principles

Morality of law and

social rules: to gain

approval or avoid

disapproval

Morality of self-interest:

to avoid punishment

or gain concrete rewards

Postconventional

level

Conventional

level

Preconventional

level

Chapters 1, 2, 3 & 4

Remember… anything from these chapters could be on the quiz