Unit 2—Africa’s Nationalist &IndependenceMovements!
Nationalism- feelings of pride & loyalty towardsyour country
Independence- process of gaining politicalfreedom and land back from another country
After fighting for European countries in WW Iand WWII, many African’s felt they deserved torule themselves.
NIGERIA’S Nationalist Movement
Nigeria
•Is home to many different ethnic groups. After the BerlinConference Great Britain was given control of Nigeria.
•The British separated Nigeria into TWO colonies.
•Many ethnic groups were opposed to being part of the samecountry .
•These divisions between ethnic groups led to differenttreatment by Brits.
•By the 1940s, Nigerians started many groups to fight Britishrule.
•Many Nigerians admired the British because of their educationin England.
•Nigerians believe that the only way to have rights was to befree of European rule.
NigeriaContinued
•These groups pushing for independencebecame political parties that worked forNigerian independence.
•By late 1940s and 50s, the British let Nigerianselect their own government.
•In 1957 they elected Abubkar Tafawa Balewaas their Prime Minister
•On October 1, 1960 Nigeria was granted itsindependence from Britain.
Abubakar Tafawa Balewa
Kenya Nationalist Movement
•Kenya was colonized by England & many people inKenya disliked the British being there.
•In opposition to British rule they organized a groupknown as the Mau Mau (1952-1960).
•Mau Mau- a secret organization that believed theonly way to win Kenyan rights and independence wasthrough the use of force & violence.
•In 1954 the British mostly defeated the Mau Mau,however violence between the two groups continueduntil 1960.
•Thousands of people were killed during fighting, onlyabout 100 were European.
Kenya Continued…
•Eventually, overwhelming Kenyan support forthe Mau Mau led the British to grant Kenya itsindependence.
•In 1963 the British helped Kenyans holddemocratic elections, they elected JomoKenyatta president.
•Kenya was once again free from foreign rule.
Jomo Kenyatta
South Africa’s NationalistMovement
•South Africa’s path to independence.
•In 1948, Afrikaners (people of Dutch decent) defeatedEnglish-speaking whites to win control of South Africa’sgovernment.
•South Africa was ruled by both the Dutch & British people.
•Afrikaners established “Apartheid” --an Afrikaans wordmeaning “separateness” an official policy of racialdiscrimination & segregation.
•Apartheid stripped black Africans of the few rights they had& required segregation.
•Separation was based on race (black, white, or colored).
Homelands
•There were established “homelands” for blacks;Homelands were: poor, crowded areas far awayfrom the cities where the blacks had to live.
•Homelands often did not have running water andelectricity – (None).
•Black South Africans could only leave theirhomeland if they were going to work for a whiteperson.
•Blacks forced to carry pass books (similar to apassport) at all times or they would go to prison
African National Congress (ANC)
•African National Congress goal was to unitepeople of all races (in South Africa) to fight forrights and freedoms against racism &apartheid.
•Nelson Mandela, a black South African,started the ANC & led it.
Nelson Mandela
F.W. de Klerk and Nelson Mandela
•Mandela, leader of the ANC was arrested onAugust 5, 1962. He was imprisoned for 27years until he was granted his release in 1990by F. W. de Klerk.
•F.W. de Klerk was South Africa’s president —hehelped get Mandela out of jail (he was awhite man)
•Nelson Mandela was elected President ofSouth Africa in 1994, he was South Africa’sfirst black president.
Using your notes, answer thesequestions
•What led to feelings of nationalism?
•What did nationalism lead to?